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. 2022 Jun 22;12(29):18373–18396. doi: 10.1039/d2ra02469a

Proposed oxidation pathways of ACT for more than 40 studies for different AOP systems.

Systems Proposed pathways Active radicals References
O3/Fe2+ + Cu2+/UV ACT → P4 → P8 → carboxylic acids → H2O + CO2 ˙OH 5
P5 → P36, P38, or P23
Fe2+/PS (1) ACT → P6 → P4 → carboxylic acids → H2O + CO2 SO4˙− and ˙OH 15
(2) ACT → P7 → P22 + P5
P22 → carboxylic acids → H2O + CO2
P7 → P21 + P5
P21 → carboxylic acids → H2O + CO2
P5 → P36, P38, or P23
MgO/O3 (1) ACT → P7 → P5 + P11 ˙OH 31
P11 → P25 → P28 → P38
P5 → P36, P38, or P23
(2) ACT → P2 → P5 + P4
P4 → P11 → P25 → P28 → P38
P5 → P36, P38, or P23
Photocatalytic degradation (1) ACT → P2 → P5 + P4 ˙OH 32
P4 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
(2) ACT → P49 → P4 → P5 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
Iron–copper/persulfate/PS (1) ACT → P6 → P4 + P5 SO4˙− and ˙OH 33
P4 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
(2) ACT → P7 → P5 + P11
P11 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
TiO2/Fe2O3 core–shell nanostructure (1) ACT → P3 → P11 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2 ˙OH 34
(2) ACT → P4 → P11 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
(3) ACT → P7 → P11 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
Electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton ACT → P2 → P4 + P5 ˙OH 30
P4 → P29 → P21 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
P5 → P39 → P23 → P37
Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) (1) ACT → P8 → P21 or P29 → P28, P36, P38, or P3 → H2O + CO2 ˙OH 35
Solar light/Ag-g-C3N4/O3 ACT → P7 → P54 → P55 → carboxylic acids → H2O + CO2 h+ and ˙OH 24
La-doped (1) ACT → P7 → P40 → P21 → H2O + CO2 ˙OH 36
ZnO photocatalyst (2) ACT → P9 → P8 + P5
P8 → P4 → P19 → H2O + CO2
P5 → P23
Ag/AGCl@ZIF8/visible light (1) ACT → P8 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2 O2˙− 29
(2) ACT → P16 + P5
P16 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
Peracetic acid/UVC-LED/Fe(ii) (1) ACT → P4 + P5 ˙OH 37
(2) ACT → P56 → P4 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
(3) ACT → P12 or P4 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
(4) ACT → P7 → P56 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
ZVAl/H+/air system ACT → P2 → P4 + P5 ˙OH 38
P4 → carboxylic acids → H2O + CO2
P5 → P36, P38, or P23
CS–Fe/PS (1) ACT → P16 + P5 ˙OH and SO4˙− 39
P16 → P4 → P8 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
P5 → P39 → P23
(2) ACT → P6 + P36
P39 → P43 + P39
P43 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
Cobalt-impregnated biochar/PMS (1) ACT → P7 → P56 → P6 or P11 ˙OH and SO4˙− 40
(2) ACT → P56 → P6 or P11
(3) ACT → P6 → P4 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
P11 → P4 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
P6 → P4 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
Heat/peroxymonosulfate system ACT → P6 → P56 or P12 1O2 and ˙OH 41
P12 → P25 or P28 → P36, P38, or P31 → CO2 + H2O
P56 → P31 → CO2 + H2O
Ferrous ion/copper oxide O2 ACT → P2 → P4 → + P5 ˙OH 42
P4 → P3 → P38 or P36 → H2O + CO2
Fenton process by plasma gliding arc discharge (1) ACT → P4 → P8 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2 ˙OH 43
(2) ACT → P42 → P8 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
SnO2/O3 (1) ACT → P7 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2 ˙OH 44
(2) ACT → P4 + P5
P4 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
P5 → P36 → P23
OVPTCN/visible light (1) ACT → P4 → P8 or P41 → P35 → H2O + CO2 ˙OH 45
UV/H2O2 ACT → P11, P7, P8, or P4 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2 ˙OH and halide radicals 46
UV-LED/NH2Cl and PS (1) ACT → P4 or P6 → P8 or P11 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2 ˙OH, Cl˙ and SO4˙− 47
(2) ACT → P7 → P21 → P44 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
Photo Fenton-like oxidation process (1) ACT → P13 O2˙− 21
(2) ACT → P7 → P31 or P28 → P36 or P38 → H2O + CO2
Photocatalytic degradation (1) ACT → P13 O2˙− and ˙OH 22
(2) ACT → P50, P28, or P33 → P36 or P38 → H2O + CO2
Photocatalytic degradation ACT → P4 + P5 h+ and O2˙− 48
P4 → P11 → P38 or P25 → CO2 + H2O
P5 → P37 + CO2 + H2O
Photocatalytic degradation ACT → P51 → P6 → P52 → P8 → P38 → P36 → CO2 + H2O O2˙−, 1O2 and ˙OH 49
Photocatalytic ACT → P6 → P16 → P4 → CO2 + H2O ˙OH 50
Electro-Fenton process (1) ACT → P4 + P5 ˙OH 51
P4 → P8 or P11 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
(2) ACT → P3 → P8 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
Electrochemical degradation (1) ACT → P6 → P4 ˙OH 27
(2) ACT → P4+P5
P4 → P8 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2 
P5 → P36, P38, or P23
Electro-Fenton (1) ACT → P8 → P21 or P29 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2 ˙OH 52
(2) ACT → P7 → P21 or P29 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
Electrocatalytic degradation (1) ACT → P7 or P3 → P5 + P21 ˙OH 53
P21 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
(2) ACT → P4 + P5
P4 → P11 or P8 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
P5 → P23 → P37 + CO2 + H2O
Electro-catalytic activation ACT → P6 → P4 → P8 → P31 → CO2 + H2O ˙OH 54
Heterogeneous electro-Fenton process ACT → P5 → P16 ˙OH 55
P16 → P57 or P58 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
Photo-Fenton ACT → P4 + P5 ˙OH 19
P4 → P8 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
P5 → P19 → P23 → CO2
High active amorphous Co(OH)2/PMS (1) ACT → P13 ˙OH and SO4˙− 26
(2) ACT → P6 → P4 + P5
P4 → P8 → P28 → CO2 + H2O
P5 → P36 or P38
(3) ACT → P7 → P56 or P54
P56 → P11 → P53 → CO2 + H2O
P54 → P55 → P53 → CO2 + H2O
 BaTiO3/TiO2 composite-assisted photocatalytic ACT → P2 → P4 → P8 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2 ˙OH 56
Fuel cell-Fenton system ACT → P6 + P36 ˙OH 57
P6 → P12 → P25 → P35 or P28
Electrochemical oxidation ACT → P3 + P36 ˙OH and SO4˙− 58
P6 → P4 or P12 → P8 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
Photo-electrooxidation ACT → P4 + P5 ˙OH 59
P4 → P8 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
Biotemplated copper oxide catalysts over graphene oxide for ACT removal ACT → P4 → P8 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2 ˙OH 60
Gas phase dielectric barrier discharge plasma combined with the titanium dioxide-reduced graphene oxide ACT → P4 → P46 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2 ˙OH 61
Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen (1) ACT → P13 ˙OH 62
(2) ACT → P4 → P8 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
(3) ACT → P7 → P11 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
(4) ACT → P3 → P11 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
Degradation of acetaminophen by ferrate (vi) ACT → P16 or P52 → P25 → P38 → P31 → H2O + CO2 Direct oxidation 63
Photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol (1) ACT → P2 → P4 + P5 ˙OH 64
P4 → P8 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2
(2) ACT → P5 + P6 → P8 → carboxylic acid → H2O + CO2