Table 4. Studies Assessing the Association between Hair Dye Use and Carcinogenic Risk.
| study | study type | publication year | original nation | cases/controls | carcinogenic risk | association analysis | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gago-Dominguez | case-control study | 2001 | USA | 897/897 | bladder cancer | 2.1-fold (P = 0.04) | (94) |
| Kogevinas | case-control study | 2006 | Spain | 152/166 | bladder cancer | OR, 0.80 (0.50–1.50) | (95) |
| Thun | epidemiologic study | 1994 | USA | NA | bladder cancer | RR, 0.56 (0.32–0.99) | (96) |
| breast cancer | RR, 0.95 (0.83–1.05) | ||||||
| non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | RR, 0.95 (0.74–1.23) | ||||||
| Hodgkin’s lymphoma | RR, 0.55 (0.23–1.36) | ||||||
| multiple myeloma | RR, 1.05 (0.75–1.47) | ||||||
| Henley | comment | 2001 | USA | NA | bladder cancer | RR, 1.08 (0.84–1.38) | (97) |
| Hartge | case-control study | 1982 | USA | 2982/5782 | bladder cancer | RR, 1.00 (0.90–1.20) | (98) |
| Ros | case-control study | 2012 | The Netherlands | 1385/4754 | bladder cancer | OR, 0.87 (0.65–1.18) | (101) |
| Koutros | case-control study | 2011 | USA | 61/102 | bladder cancer | OR, 3.30 (1.20–8.90) | (105) |
| Gago-Dominguez | case-control study | 2003 | USA | 33/12a | bladder cancer | OR, 2.90 (1.20–7.50) | (106) |
| 37/17a | bladder cancer | OR, 2.50 (1.04–6.10) | (94) | ||||
| Turati | meta-analysis | 2014 | Italy | 3657/5962 | bladder cancer | RR, 0.92 (0.77–1.09) | (100) |
| Boice | case-control study | 1995 | USA | 528/2628 | breast cancer | OR, 1.08 (0.87–1.30) | (111) |
| Koenig | case-control study | 1991 | USA | 398/790 | breast cancer | OR, 0.80 (0.60–1.10) | (112) |
| Cook | case-control study | 1999 | USA | 315/393b | breast cancer | RR, 1.10 (0.90–1.30) | (115) |
| 204/138b | breast cancer | RR, 1.90 (1.40–2.50) | (115) | ||||
| Zheng | case-control study | 2002 | USA | 608/609 | breast cancer | OR, 0.90 (0.70–1.20) | (113) |
| Nasca | case-control study | 1992 | USA | 1617/1617 | breast cancer | OR, 1.04 (0.90–1.21) | (114) |
| Heikkinen | case-control study | 2015 | Finland | 6567/21598 | breast cancer | OR, 1.23 (1.11–1.36) | (116) |
| Petro-Nustas | case-control study | 2002 | Jordan | 100/100 | breast cancer | OR, 8.62 (3.33–22.28) | (117) |
| Eberle | prospective study | 2019 | USA | NA | breast cancer | HR, 1.45 (1.10–1.90) | (119) |
| Nasca | case-control study | 1980 | USA | 118/233 | breast cancer | OR, 4.50 (1.20–15.78) | (118) |
| Gera | meta-analysis | 2018 | UK | NA | breast cancer | RR, 1.19 (1.03–1.37) | (1) |
| Xu | meta-analysis | 2021 | China | NA | breast cancer | OR, 1.07 (1.01–1.13) | (120) |
| Grodstein | prospective study | 1994 | USA | NA | hematopoietic cancer | RR, 0.90 (0.70–1.20 | (136) |
| non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | RR, 1.10 (0.80–1.60) | ||||||
| Hodgkin’s lymphoma | RR, 0.90 (0.40–2.10) | ||||||
| multiple myeloma | RR, 0.40 (0.20–0.90) | ||||||
| Miligi | case-control study | 1999 | Italy | 165/828 | Hodgkin’s lymphoma | OR, 0.70 (0.50–1.10) | (138) |
| 134/828 | multiple myeloma | OR, 0.80 (0.50–1.20) | |||||
| 260/828 | leukemia | OR, 0.90 (0.70–1.30) | |||||
| Benavente | case-control study | 2005 | Spain | 574/616 | hematopoietic cancer | OR, 1.20 (0.90–1.70) | (139) |
| Tavani | case-control study | 2005 | Italy | 446/1295 | non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | OR, 1.03 (0.73–1.44) | (142) |
| 158/1295 | Hodgkin’s lymphoma | OR, 0.68 (0.40–1.18) | |||||
| 141/1295 | multiple myeloma | OR, 1.17 (0.70–1.97) | |||||
| Wong | case-control study | 2010 | USA | 649/1298 | non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | OR, 0.93 (0.75–1.16) | (147) |
| Zahm | case-control study | 1992 | USA | 385/1432 | non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | OR, 1.50 (1.10–2.20) | (148) |
| 70/1432 | Hodgkin’s lymphoma | OR, 1.70 (0.70–4.00) | |||||
| 72/1432 | multiple myeloma | OR, 1.80 (0.90–3.70) | |||||
| 56/1432 | leukemia | OR, 1.00 (0.30–2.60) | |||||
| Zhang | case-control study | 2009 | USA | 601/717 | follicular lymphoma | OR, 1.90 (1.10–3.30) | (149) |
| non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | OR, 1.30 (1.00–1.80) | (150) | |||||
| Zhang | case-control study | 2009 | USA | 4461/5799 | non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | OR, 1.30 (1.10–1.40) | (151) |
| Guo | case-control study | 2009 | USA | 261/247c | non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | OR, 1.46 (1.10–1.95) | (152) |
| 132/177c | OR, 1.03 (0.75–1.42) | ||||||
| Cantor | case-control study | 1988 | USA | 622/1245 | non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | OR, 2.00 (1.30–3.00) | (153) |
| Herrinton | interview study | 1994 | USA | women | multiple myeloma | OR, 1.00 (0.70–1.40) | (140) |
| men | OR, 1.50 (0.75–2.90) | ||||||
| Koutros | case-control study | 2009 | USA | 175/679 | multiple myeloma | OR, 0.80 (0.50–1.10) | (141) |
| Mele | case-control study | 1995 | Italy | 254/1161 | leukemia | OR, 1.50 (0.60–3.70) | (137) |
| Cantor | case-control study | 1988 | USA | 578/1245 | leukemia | OR, 1.80 (1.10–2.70) | (153) |
| Chen | case-control study | 2006 | USA | 272/418d | testicular germ cell tumor | OR, 1.50 (1.00–2.20) | (163) |
| 83/180d | OR, 1.70 (1.00–2.80) | ||||||
| 189/238d | OR, 1.70 (1.10–2.60) |
a
33/12 and 37/17 indicate subjects with the NAT2 slow acetylation phenotype and those with the CYP1A2 slow phenotype, respectively.
b
315/393 and 204/138 indicate subjects using the single hair dye method and those using two or more methods, respectively.
c
261/247 and 132/177 indicate subjects using hair dye before 1980 and those using hair dye in and after 1980, respectively.
d
272/418, 83/180, and 189/238 indicate all children, boys, and girls, respectively. Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; RR, relative ratio; HR, hazard ratio.