Table 1.
Summary of animal in vivo studies which evaluated immunological parameters after Mg-based biomaterials implantation.
| Article author | Year | Implant material/shape/size | Animal species and number | Implantation site | Histology specimen | Study length | Methods used for testing immunological reaction | Parameters evaluated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Castellani et al. [50] | 2010 | Mg–Y-Nd-HRE (Titanium group as control) Shape: cylindrical Diameter: 1.6 mm Length: 7 mm |
72 rats (Mg–Y-Nd-HRE 36 rats) (Titanium 36 rats) |
femur | sections parallel to the long axis of the implants | 24 weeks | Differential blood count from blood sample obtained at sacrifice, IL-6 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, histology | systemic inflammatory reactions (lobulated neutrophil granulocytes, stab neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophil granulocytes or basophil granulocytes), IL-6 enzyme |
| Erdmann et al. [51] | 2010 | MgCa0.8 (Stainless steel 316L screws as control) Shape: screws Diameter: 4 mm Length: 6.0 mm Screw head: 8.0 mm |
40 rabbits (MgCa0.8 24 rabbits) (Stainless steel 16 rabbits) |
tibia | part of muscle adjacent to the screw head | 8 weeks | histology, immunohistochemical staining | macrophages, giant cells, heterophil granulocytes, lymphocytes, B and T-lymphocytes |
| Bondarenko et al. [52] | 2011 | MgCa0.8 (Titanium, PLA group as control) Shape: N/A Diameter: 2.5 mm Length: 25 mm |
9 rabbits (MgCa0.8 5 rabbits) (Titanium 2 rabbits) (PLA 2 rabbits) |
tibia | popliteal lymph node | 6 months | lymph node histology and immunohistochemistry | heterophiles, B-cells, T-cells, histiocytes |
| Dziuba et al. [53] | 2012 | ZEK100 (Sham group as a control) Shape: cylindrical Diameter: 2.5 mm Length: 25 mm |
10 rabbits (7 animals-implant in both legs) (3 animals-one leg implant, other sham) |
tibia | bone specimen containing implant | 12 months | histology | macrophages, foreign body giant cells |
| Willbold et al. [54] | 2013 | RS66 Mg alloy Shape: cylindrical Diameter: 3 mm Height: 5 mm |
30 rabbits | femur | bone sample | 8 weeks | histology | macrophages, neutrophils |
| Reifenrath et al. [55] | 2013 | ZEK100 Mg alloy Shape: screws Head diameter: 8.0 mm Length: 5.0 mm |
6 rabbits | tibia | muscle part directly adjacent to the screw head | 6 weeks | Immunohistochemical staining | fibrous encapsulation, macrophages, giant cells and heterophil granulocytes, B- and T- lymphocytes |
| Waizy et al. [56] | 2014 | MgYREZr Shape: screws Shaft diameter: 2.0 mm Bore diameter: 1.3 mm Length: 20 mm |
15 rabbits | femur | sections of bone perpendicular to the implant | 12 months | histology | fibrous encapsulation |
| Pichler et al. [19] | 2014 | ZX50 WZ21 Shape: cylindrical pins Diameter: 1.6 mm Length: 8 mm |
18 rats (6 rats sham group) (6 rats ZX50) (6 rats WZ21) |
femur | ND | 24 weeks | phagocytic assay, flow cytometry analysis | neutrophil granulocytes |
| Willbold et al. [57] | 2015 | Mg–Ce, Mg–La, Mg–Nd Shape: cylinders Diameter: 2.99 ± 0.01 mm Length: 5.00 ± 0.02 mm |
9 rabbits (3 rabbits Mg–Ce) (3 rabbits Mg–La) (3 rabbits Mg–Nd) |
femur | bone sample | 4 weeks | histology | foreign body reaction, encapsulation |
| Rossig et al. [58] | 2015 | LAE442 magnesium-based alloy (stainless austenitic steel as a control) Shape: nails/screws, Diameter: 9 mm/3.5 mm Length: 130 mm/15–40 mm |
10 sheep | tibia | bone sample | 24 weeks | histology, blood sample | lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts |
| Tie et al. [59] | 2016 | Mg–1Sr alloy, Pure Mg, (sham as a control) Shape: plates/screws |
18 rabbits (6 Mg–1Sr alloy) (6 pure Mg) (6 sham) |
femur | muscle perpendicular to the implantation site, spleen, kidney, liver | 16 weeks | histopathology, haematology | T-cells, red blood cells, white blood cells, albumin, LDH, liver enzymes, bilirubin |
| Diekmann et al. [60] | 2016 | MgYREZr (Ti6Al4v as a control) Shape: screws Diameter: 2.6 mm Length: 10 mm Thread pitch: 0.8 mm |
36 rabbits (18 rabbits MgYREZr) (18 rabbits Ti6Al4v control) |
tibia | bone sample | 24 weeks | histology | macrophages, granulocytes |
| Angrisani et al. [61] | 2016 | LAE442 magnesium-based alloy Shape: cylinders Diameter: 2.5 mm Length: 25 mm |
8 rabbits | tibia | bone sample | 9 months to 3.5 years | Histology, autopsy | giant cells, macrophages, eosinophilic infiltrates, eosinophilic granulocytes |
| Wang et al. [62] | 2017 | High purity Mg (Ti screws as a control) Shape: screws Diameter: 3 mm Length: 8 mm |
64 rabbits | tibia and femur | bone sample | 16 weeks | histology | macrophages, TGF beta 1 |
| Kim et al. [63] | 2018 | Mg–Ca–Zn alloy (Polymeric mixture as a control) Shape: plates and screws Length, width, thickness: 24.5 mm × 5.00 mm x 1.35 mm |
6 male beagles | zygomatic bone | bone-implant interspace | 4 weeks | Biochemistry, complete blood count, blood coagulation panels, histology | white blood count, macrophages, polymorphonuclear cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, giant cells |
| Rahmati et al. [64] | 2021 | Mg–Ca–Zn (ZX00) alloy (Sham as a control) Shape: pins Diameter: 1.6 mm Length: 8 mm |
12 rats | femur | bone sample | 10 days | Enzyme histochemical analysis, immunohistochemistry | Osteoblast and osteoclast balance, M1 and M2 macrophages |
ND; not done, N/A; not available.