Table 1.
Study characteristics.
| Study | Groups (N) | Type | SA | GA | Procedure | # Levels |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sadrolsadat et al., 200911 | SA (50) | Randomized Controlled Trial | 4 mL of bupivacaine 0.5% | Induction: propofol IV (2 mg/kg) and fentanyl IV (2 μg/kg) Maintenance: oxygen 100% with propofol (100–200 μg/[kg min]) and alfentanil (2 mL/400 mg propofol) | Laminectomy | 1–2 |
| GA (50) | ||||||
| Nicassio et al., 201012 | SA (23) | Nonrandomized Prospective Study | 8–10 mL of ropivacaine 0.75% | NRa | Microdiscectomy | NR |
| GA (238) | ||||||
| Schroeder et al., 201113 | SA (19) | Retrospective Comparative Study | “100 μg of fentanyl and 15–20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine, 0.5% bupivacaine, or 2% lidocaine" | Induction: “thiopental sodium or propofol and fentanyl” Maintenance: “an inhaled anesthetic" | ALIF | 1 |
| GA (83) | ||||||
| Kahveci et al., 201414 | SA (40) | Randomized Controlled Trial | 3 mL of bupivacaine 0.5% | Induction: fentanyl 2–4 mg/kg IV and propofol 3–5 mg/kg IV Maintenance: sevoflurane 1.5–2 vol% in 2.0 L of fresh gas flow (FiO2, 0.4) | Not Reported | 1 |
| GA (40) | ||||||
| Dagistan et al., 201515 | SA (90) | Retrospective Comparative Study | 3 mL 0.75% bupivacaine 8.5% dextrose solution | Induction: ropofol (2 mg/kg), fentanyl (5 mg/kg), and vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg Maintenance: N2O/O2 (2:1), isoflurane (0.3%) and fentanyl 1.2 mg/kg/hour | Microdiscectomy | 1–2 |
| GA (90) | ||||||
| Ulutas et al., 201516 | SA (573) | Retrospective Comparative Study | 14–16 cm3 mix of 50 lg fentanyl (1 cm3), 100 mg lidocaine hydrochloride (5 cm3) and 50 mg bupivacaine (10 cm3) | Induction: 1 lg/kg remifentanil, 2–3 mg/kg propofol and 0.5 mg/kg rocuronium Maintenance: 0.25 lg/kg remifentanil, 2–2.5% sevoflurane and 4 L/min fresh gas flow (50% O2/50% air mix) | Microdiscectomy | 1–2 |
| GA (277) | ||||||
| Agarwal et al., 201617 | SA (326) | Retrospective Comparative Study | “One or a combination of the following agents … procaine, lidocaine, tetracaine, bupivacaine, and levobupivacaine" | “one or a combination of the following agents: propofol, nitrous oxide, desflurane, halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane" | Discectomy/Laminectomy | SA 1.7 (1.3) |
| GA (148) | GA 2.4 (1.4) | |||||
| Mean (std. dev) | ||||||
| Finsterwald et al., 201818 | SA (146) | Retrospective Comparative Study | plain bupivacaine 0.5% (5–10 mg) | “induced and maintained using propofol and remifentanil TCI with additional fentanyl for analgesia" | Decompression | SA 1-4 |
| GA (292) | GA 1-2 | |||||
| Dashtbani et al., 201919 | SA (36) | Randomized Controlled Trial | NR | NR | Microdiscectomy | 1 |
| GA (36) | ||||||
| Kilic & Nediri, 201920 | SA (50) | Randomized Controlled Trial | 3 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine | Induction: propofol 2 mg/kg and fentanyl 1 μg/kg IV maintain: 2% sevoflurane in 50%: 50% air/oxygen | Microdiscectomy | 1 |
| GA (50) | ||||||
| Sekerak et al., 202021 | SA (29) | Retrospective Comparative Study | NR | NR | TLIF | 1–2 |
| GA (46) | ||||||
| Jonayed et al., 202122 | SA (32) | Nonrandomized Prospective Study | 3.0–3.2 mL 0.5% bupivacaine in an 8.5% dextrose solution combined with fentanyl | Induction: Propofol (2 mg/kg IV), and Fentanyl (1.5 mg/kg IV) Maintenance: 1.2% isoflurane and nitrous oxide 50% in oxygen | Discectomy or Laminectomy or Lamino-foraminotomy | 1–2 |
| GA (32) |
a
NR = Not Reported; # Levels is reported as a range unless otherwise indicated.