Table 1.
The main characteristics of 49 studies/papers (65 datasets) included in the present study
| First author, year | Study period | Country | Total samples (n) | Infected samples (n) | Prevalence (%) | Diagnostic method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dogs | |||||||
| Abe, 2002 | 1999 | Japan | 54 | 0 | 0 | Mic | [20] |
| Boutellis, 2021 | 2018 | Algeria | 9 | 1 | 11.1 | Mol | [28] |
| Roberts, 2013 | UC | Australia | 56 | 0 | 0 | Mol | [59] |
| Osman, 2015 | 2012–2013 | France | 116 | 4 | 3.4 | Mol | [52] |
| Duda, 1998a | UC | Australia | 72 | 51 | 70.8 | Mic | [31] |
| La Sala, 2015 | 2012–2013 | Argentina | 475 | 14 | 2.9 | Mic | [41] |
| Udonsom, 2018 | UC | Thailand | 13 | 1 | 7.7 | Mol | [64] |
| Sardarian, 2015 | 2012 | Iran | 1500 | 1 | 0.1 | Mic | [62] |
| Ramirez, 2014 | UC | Colombia | 40 | 15 | 37.5 | Mol | [58] |
| Sanchez-Thevenet, 2019 | 2014–2016 | Spain | 263 | 3 | 1.1 | Mic | [61] |
| Wang, 2013 | 2010–2011 | Australia | 80 | 2 | 2.5 | Mol | [66] |
| Wang, 2013 | 2010–2011 | Cambodia | 80 | 1 | 1.3 | Mol | [66] |
| Wang, 2013 | 2010–2011 | India | 80 | 19 | 24 | Mol | [66] |
| Puebla, 2015 | 2014–2015 | Cuba | 97 | 2 | 2.1 | Mic | [57] |
| Hurtado, 2019 | UC | Colombia | 421 | 62 | 14.7 | Mic | [37] |
| Bandaranayaka, 2019 | UC | Sri Lanka | 50 | 2 | 1 | Mic | [26] |
| Spanakos, 2011 | 2008 | Greece | 72 | 0 | 0 | Mol | [63] |
| Belleza, 2016 | 2011–2012 | Philippines | 145 | 20 | 13.8 | Mol | [27] |
| Li, 2016 | 2013 | China | 315 | 6 | 1.9 | Mol | [43] |
| Mohaghegh, 2018 | 2014–2015 | Iran | 301 | 59 | 19.6 | Mic | [47] |
| Ruaux, 2014 | 2012 | USA | 103 | 10 | 9.7 | Mol | [60] |
| Higuera, 2021 | UC | Colombia | 4 | 2 | 50 | Mol | [13] |
| Gazzonis, 2019 | 2015–206 | Italy | 99 | 21 | 21.2 | Mol | [32] |
| Konig, 1997 | UC | Germany | 20 | 0 | 0 | Culture and Sero | [39] |
| Leelayoova, 2009 | 2006 | Thailand | 189 | 5 | 2.6 | Mic and Mol | [42] |
| Dalimiasl, 2001 | UC | Iran | 305 | 1 | 0.3 | Mic | [30] |
| López, 2006 | 1996–2003 | Chile | 972 | 351 | 36.1 | Mic | [46] |
| Onder, 2021 | 2020–2021 | Turkey | 200 | 0 | 0 | Mol | [51] |
| Parkar, 2007 | UC | Australia | 20 | 2 | 10 | Mol | [54] |
| Parkar, 2007 | UC | Thailand | 3 | 3 | 100 | Mol | [54] |
| Awadallah, 2015 | 2013 | Egypt | 130 | 4 | 3.1 | Mic | [24] |
| Gonzalez, 2015 | 2011–2012 | Colombia | 175 | 32 | 18.3 | Mic | [34] |
| Gillespie, 2017 | 2014–2015 | Australia | 300 | 10 | 3 | Mic | [33] |
| Hemalatha, 2014 | 2012 | Malaysia | 32 | 0 | 0 | Mic | [35] |
| Noradilah, 2017 | 2014–2015 | Malaysia | 40 | 21 | 52 | Mol | [49] |
| Liao, 2020 | 2018 | China | 651 | 35 | 5.4 | Mol | [45] |
| Mohammadpour, 2020b | 2016–2018 | Iran | 154 | 29 | 18.8 | Mol | [48] |
| Paulos, 2018 | 2014 | Spain | 55 | 0 | 0 | Mol | [55] |
| Perera, 2013 | 2010–2011 | Sri Lanka | 90 | 11 | 12.2 | Mic | [56] |
| Mokhtar, 2018 | 2015–2016 | Egypt | 21 | 0 | 0 | Mol | [22] |
| Wang, 2018 | 2015–2017 | China | 136 | 4 | 2.9 | Mol | [67] |
| Villamizar, 2019 | UC | Colombia | 8 | 1 | 12.5 | Mol | [65] |
| Cats | |||||||
| Boutellis, 2021 | 2018 | Algeria | 19 | 12 | 63.1 | Mol | [28] |
| Roberts, 2013 | UC | Australia | 43 | 0 | 0 | Mol | [59] |
| Duda, 1998 | UC | Australia | 52 | 35 | 67.3 | Mic | [31] |
| Udonsom, 2018 | UC | Thailand | 11 | 0 | 0 | Mol | [64] |
| Pagati, 2018 | UC | Indonesia | 90 | 48 | 53.3 | Mic | [53] |
| Can, 2021 | UC | Turkey | 465 | 17 | 3.6 | Mol | [29] |
| Badparva, 2020 | 2017 | Iran | 120 | 0 | 0 | Mol | [25] |
| Arbabi, 2009 | 2004–2005 | Iran | 113 | 19 | 16.8 | Mic | [23] |
| Li, 2019 | 2015–2018 | China | 346 | 2 | 0.6 | Mol | [44] |
| Ruaux, 2014 | 2012 | USA | 105 | 12 | 11.7 | Mol | [60] |
| Khademvatan, 2014 | 2012 | Iran | 140 | 20 | 14.3 | Mic | [38] |
| Konig, 1997 | UC | Germany | 13 | 0 | 0 | Culture and Sero | [39] |
| Albakri, 2016 | 2014 | Iraq | 50 | 18 | 36 | Mic | [21] |
| López, 2006 | 1996–2003 | Chile | 230 | 86 | 37.4 | Mic | [46] |
| Okoye, 2014 | 2011–2012 | Nigeria | 119 | 2 | 1.7 | Mic | [50] |
| Onder, 2021 | 2020–2021 | Turkey | 200 | 0 | 0 | Mol | [51] |
| Parkar, 2007 | UC | Australia | 10 | 0 | 0 | Mol | [54] |
| Kwak, 2020 | UC | South Korea | 158 | 1 | 0.6 | Mol | [40] |
| Hemalatha, 2014 | 2012 | Malaysia | 24 | 0 | 0 | Mic | [35] |
| Mohammadpour, 2020 | 2016–2018 | Iran | 119 | 21 | 17.7 | Mol | [48] |
| Paulos, 2018 | 2014 | Spain | 34 | 0 | 0 | Mol | [55] |
| Karakavuk, 2021 | 2017 | Turkey | 465 | 49 | 10.5 | Mic | [37] |
| Mokhtar, 2018 | 2015–2016 | Egypt | 8 | 0 | 0 | Mol | [22] |
Mic Microscopic detection method, Mol molecular detection method, Sero serological detection method, UC unclear