Table 2.
Prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in dogs and cats based on examined subgroups
| Subgroup variable | Prevalence,% (95% CI) | Heterogeneity (Cochran’s Q) | df (Cochran’s Q) | I2 (%) | P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dogs | Cats | Dogs | Cats | Dogs | Cats | Dogs | Cats | Dogs | Cats | |
| Publication year | ||||||||||
| Prior to and including 2000 | 23.2 (0.3–96.4) | 26.1 (0.7–94.6) | 10 | 7.5 | 1 | 1 | 90 | 86.6 | P = 0.002 | P = 0.006 |
| 2001–2005 | 0.5 (0.1–2.2) | – | 0.3 | – | 1 | – | – | – | P = 0.555 | – |
| 2006–2010 | 20.1 (3.4–64.6) | 22.3 (9.2–44.8) | 51.2 | 16.8 | 3 | 2 | 94.1 | 88.1 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| 2011–2015 | 4.5 (2.3–8.8) | 6.4 (2.7–14.2) | 138.1 | 13.6 | 14 | 4 | 89.8 | 70.6 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.009 |
| 2016–2021 | 8.4 (5.2–13.1) | 7 (2.9–15.8) | 189.3 | 217.1 | 18 | 12 | 90.5 | 94.5 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| Continent | ||||||||||
| Africa | 3.7 (1.6–8.4) | 11.4 (0.4–80) | 1.5 | 30.6 | 2 | 2 | – | 93.4 | P = 0.472 | P < 0.001 |
| Asia | 6 (3.3–10.4) | 7.2 (3.5–14.2) | 441.4 | 193.9 | 20 | 12 | 95.4 | 93.8 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| Europe | 3.6 (0.8–15.5) | 2.3 (0.3–14.4) | 23.8 | 0.2 | 4 | 1 | 93.2 | 0 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.643 |
| North America | 5.1 (1.1–20.7) | 11.4 (6.6–19.1) | 4.3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 76.6 | 0 | P = 0.032 | N.A |
| Oceania | 7.5 (0.7–48.3) | 11.3 (0.3–82.9) | 129.9 | 18.5 | 4 | 2 | 96.9 | 89.2 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| South America | 16 (7.7–30.4) | 37.4 (31.4–43.8) | 60.3 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 91.7 | 0 | P < 0.001 | N.A |
| WHO region | ||||||||||
| AFR | 11.1 (1.5–50) | 15 (0.2–94.2) | – | 28.9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 96.5 | N.A | P < 0.001 |
| AMR | 14.6 (7.5–26.3) | 22.2 (6–56.1) | 196.3 | 20.8 | 8 | 1 | 95.9 | 95.2 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| EMR | 3.2 (1–9.3) | 16.8 (10.1–26.6) | 66.7 | 20.2 | 5 | 5 | 92.5 | 75.3 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.001 |
| EUR | 2.1 (0.5–8.8) | 3.8 (1.4–9.9) | 48.3 | 23.3 | 6 | 4 | 87.6 | 82.8 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| SEAR | 11.3 (4.3–26.5) | 23.4 (1.3–87.6) | 31.9 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 84.3 | 80 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.025 |
| WPR | 6 (2.2–15.1) | 3.1 (0.2–38.6) | 262.9 | 95.8 | 12 | 5 | 95.4 | 94.8 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| Country | ||||||||||
| Algeria | 11.1 (1.5–50) | 63.2 (40.3–81.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N.A | N.A |
| Argentina | 2.9 (1.8–4.9) | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | N.A | – |
| Australia | 7.5 (0.7–48.3) | 11.3 (0.3–82.9) | 129.9 | 18.5 | 4 | 2 | 96.9 | 89.2 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| Cambodia | 1.3 (0.2–8.3) | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | N.A | – |
| Chile | 36.1 (33.1–39.2) | 37.4 (31.4–43.8) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N.A | N.A |
| China | 3.4 (1.7–6.7) | 0.6 (0.1–2.3) | 6.5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 69.4 | 0 | P = 0.038 | N.A |
| Colombia | 21.8 (13.9–32.6) | – | 14.9 | – | 4 | – | 73.2 | – | P = 0.005 | – |
| Cuba | 2.1 (0.5–7.9) | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | N.A | – |
| Egypt | 3 (1.2–7.3) | 5.6 (0.3–50.5) | 0.04 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | P = 0.838 | N.A |
| France | 3.4 (1.3–8.8) | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | N.A | – |
| Germany | 2.4 (0.1–28.7) | 3.6 (0.2–38.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N.A | N.A |
| Greece | 0.7 (0–10) | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | N.A | – |
| India | 23.8 (15.7–34.3) | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | N.A | – |
| Indonesia | – | 53.3 (43–63.4) | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | N.A |
| Iraq | – | 36 (24–50.1) | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | N.A |
| Iran | 3.4 (0.9–11.7) | 14.7 (9.4–22.1) | 51.5 | 7.8 | 3 | 3 | 94.1 | 61.8 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.049 |
| Italy | 21.2 (14.3–30.4) | – | – | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | N.A | – |
| Japan | 0.9 (0.1–12.9) | – | – | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | N.A | – |
| Malaysia | 14 (0.3–91.3) | 2 (0.1–25.1) | 8.5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 88.3 | 0 | P = 0.003 | N.A |
| Nigeria | – | 1.7 (0.4–6.5) | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | N.A |
| Philippines | 13.8 (9.1–20.4) | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | N.A | – |
| South Korea | – | 0.6 (0.1–4.4) | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | N.A |
| Spain | 1.1 (0.4–3.1) | 1.4 (0.1–19.1) | 0.026 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | P = 0.872 | N.A |
| Sri Lanka | 8.3 (2.8–21.9) | – | 2.3 | – | 1 | – | 57.1 | – | P = 0.127 | – |
| Thailand | 15.4 (1.2–73.7) | 4.2 (0.3–42.5) | 12.7 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 84.3 | 0 | P = 0.002 | N.A |
| Turkey | 0.2 (0–3.8) | 4.2 (1.3–12.6) | 0 | 21.5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 90.7 | N.A | P < 0.001 |
| USA | 9.7 (5.3–17.1) | 11.4 (6.6–19.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N.A | N.A |
| Sample size, n | ||||||||||
| ≤ 50 | 18.6 (8.6–35.8) | 14.3 (5.9–30.8) | 35.2 | 45.5 | 10 | 9 | 71.6 | 80.2 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| 51–100 | 5.8 (2.2–14.4) | 67.3 (53.6–78.6) | 139.2 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 92.1 | 0 | P < 0.001 | N.A |
| 101–200 | 6.7 (3.7–11.7) | 6.7 (3.5–12.6) | 58.6 | 38 | 8 | 7 | 86.3 | 81.6 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| 201–300 | 2.2 (0.8–6) | 37.4 (31.4–43.8) | 2.7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 63.2 | 0 | N.A | N.A |
| 301–400 | 2.8 (0.3–22.9) | 0.6 (0.1–2.3) | 49.4 | 507.8 | 2 | 0 | 95.9 | 0 | P < 0.001 | N.A |
| > 400 | 5.2 (1.5–16.4) | 6.4 (2.2–17.1) | 305 | 15.3 | 4 | 1 | 98.7 | 93.5 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
N.A Non-applicable