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. 2022 Jun 22;53:45. doi: 10.1186/s13567-022-01066-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Distribution of herd characteristics among all herds, those escaping infection, and those always infected. Herd characteristics of all herds in the metapopulation (n = 13 353, striped), herds that have a probability > 90% of escaping infection (1629 herds, green), and herds that consistently became infected during the 10-years simulation period (3862 herds, blue). Herd characteristics considered: average in-degree (A), average out-degree (B), average in-strength (C), average out-strength (D), average herd size (E), and average number of males purchased (F). For the definition of the probability of a herd escaping infection or becoming infected see text.