Table 1.

List of herd types

Herd type	Abbreviation	Description
Typical dairy	D	Female dairy calves are reared to become replacement heifers and most male calves are sold at an early age. There are almost no males between the age of 1 and 2 years
Dairy no rearing—contract	DnR-C	Sell most of their calves, with female dairy calves being moved to external rearing herds. Female calves return to their birth herd as pregnant heifers
Dairy no rearing—no contract	DnR-nC	Cows are bred to beef bulls and most of their calves are sold. Replacement animals are bought from herds with a surplus of cows or pregnant heifers
Dairy rearing males	DRm	Female dairy calves are reared to become replacement heifers and males are kept. There is a high proportion of male animals between the age of 1 and 2 years
Mixed	M	Have both milk and beef production activities. Have pure-bred dairy females and cross-bred dairy and beef animals
Store dairy rearing	SdR	Female dairy calves are reared and inseminated before returning to their birth herd. Animals are usually of young age

A full description of these herd types can be found in [28].