Table 3.
Adjusted mean differences (95% CI) in principal component scores based on demographic, behavioral, dietary, reproductive, and personal care product use correlates for women from SELF (N= 751).a,b
| PC-1 | PC-2 | PC-3 | PC-4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Demographic | ||||
| Age, 1-year increase | −0.04 (−0.09, 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.08, 0.01) | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.04) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Never married | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Currently married | 0.30 (−0.12, 0.73) | −0.22 (−0.55, 0.10) | −0.15 (−0.41, 0.11) | 0.11 (−0.13, 0.35) |
| Previously married | 0.22 (−0.29, 0.72) | −0.19 (−0.57, 0.20) | 0.13 (−0.18, 0.44) | 0.04 (−0.25, 0.33) |
| Education | ||||
| High school degree/GED | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Some college/Associate’s/Technical school | −0.37 (−0.85, 0.11) | −0.05 (−0.42, 0.31) | 0.28 (−0.01, 0.58) | −0.15 (−0.42, 0.13) |
| Bachelor’s/Master’s/PhD | −0.33 (−0.96, 0.31) | −0.06 (−0.54, 0.43) | 0.52 (0.13, 0.91) | 0.02 (−0.34, 0.39) |
| Income | ||||
| <$20,000/year | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| $20–50,000/year | −0.05 (−0.48, 0.39) | −0.14 (−0.47, 0.19) | 0.10 (−0.17, 0.37) | −0.14 (−0.39, 0.10) |
| >$50,000/year | −0.29 (−0.89, 0.31) | −0.17 (−0.63, 0.29) | 0.09 (−0.28, 0.46) | −0.26 (−0.60, 0.09) |
| Employment | ||||
| Not employed | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Employed <30 hours/week | −0.29 (−0.83, 0.24) | −0.38 (−0.79, 0.03) | 0.39 (0.06, 0.72) | 0.22 (−0.08, 0.53) |
| Employed ≥30 hours/week | −0.27 (−0.68, 0.14) | −0.47 (−0.78, −0.16) | 0.06 (−0.19, 0.32) | 0.14 (−0.09, 0.38) |
| Behavioral/Anthropometric | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2), 1-unit increase | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.00) | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.00) | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.00) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Non-smoker | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Former smoker | 0.19 (−0.45, 0.83) | −0.04 (−0.52, 0.45) | −0.13 (−0.53, 0.26) | −0.42 (−0.78, −0.05) |
| Current smoker <10 cigarettes/day | −0.32 (−0.87, 0.23) | −0.19 (−0.61, 0.22) | −0.22 (−0.56, 0.12) | 0.07 (−0.24, 0.39) |
| Current smoker ≥10 cigarettes/day | 0.04 (−0.80, 0.88) | −0.15 (−0.79, 0.49) | −0.13 (−0.64, 0.38) | −0.03 (−0.52, 0.45) |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| Non-drinker | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Moderate consumption | 0.23 (−0.17, 0.63) | −0.04 (−0.35, 0.26) | 0.04 (−0.20, 0.29) | 0.28 (0.05, 0.51) |
| Heavy consumption | 0.18 (−0.32, 0.69) | 0.03 (−0.36, 0.41) | 0.20 (−0.11, 0.51) | 0.26 (−0.03, 0.55) |
| Dietary | ||||
| Number of daily servings of meat, fish, poultry, beans and eggs | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.05) | 0.00 (−0.06, 0.06) | −0.05 (−0.09, 0.00) | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.08) |
| Number of daily servings of milk, yogurt and cheese | −0.01 (−0.24, 0.22) | −0.04 (−0.21, 0.13) | −0.05 (−0.19, 0.09) | 0.08 (−0.05, 0.21) |
| Drank water from a plastic bottle in past 24-hr | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 0.20 (−0.16, 0.56) | 0.07 (−0.20, 0.35) | 0.03 (−0.20, 0.25) | −0.05 (−0.25, 0.16) |
| Ate food from a can in past 24-hr | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | −0.27 (−0.64, 0.11) | 0.09 (−0.19, 0.37) | −0.11 (−0.34, 0.12) | 0.03 (−0.18, 0.22) |
| Reproductive | ||||
| Age at menarche (years) | ||||
| ≤10 | −0.25 (−0.77, 0.27) | 0.08 (−0.32, 0.48) | −0.06 (−0.38, 0.27) | 0.12 (−0.18, 0.42) |
| 11 | −0.07 (−0.55, 0.40) | 0.07 (−0.29, 0.43) | −0.03 (−0.32, 0.27) | 0.04 (−0.23, 0.32) |
| 12 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 13 | −0.09 (−0.61, 0.42) | 0.01 (−0.38, 0.40) | 0.03 (−0.29, 0.35) | −0.28 (−0.58, 0.01) |
| ≥14 | −0.42 (−0.94, 0.09) | −0.08 (−0.47, 0.31) | 0.16 (−0.16, 0.47) | −0.11 (−0.40, 0.19) |
| Parity | ||||
| Nulliparous | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 | −0.13 (−0.58, 0.32) | 0.33 (−0.01, 0.67) | 0.10 (−0.17, 0.38) | 0.30 (0.04, 0.56) |
| 2 | −0.20 (−0.74, 0.34) | 0.27 (−0.14, 0.69) | −0.17 (−0.50, 0.17) | 0.26 (−0.05, 0.57) |
| ≥3 | −0.06 (−0.63, 0.51) | 0.10 (−0.34, 0.53) | −0.14 (−0.49, 0.22) | 0.33 (0.00, 0.66) |
| Ever use oral contraceptives | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | −0.13 (−0.51, 0.26) | 0.02 (−0.27, 0.31) | 0.22 (−0.02, 0.46) | 0.08 (−0.15, 0.30) |
| Ever use progestin-only injectable | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 0.10 (−0.26, 0.47) | 0.14 (−0.14, 0.42) | 0.10 (−0.12, 0.33) | 0.15 (−0.06, 0.36) |
| Hormonal contraceptive use at baseline | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 0.00 (−0.38, 0.38) | −0.09 (−0.38, 0.20) | −0.15 (−0.38, 0.09) | 0.07 (−0.14, 0.29) |
| Current use of vaginal ring | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | −0.99 (−1.50, −0.47) | −0.32 (−0.71, 0.07) | 0.32 (0.01, 0.64) | 0.45 (0.16, 0.75) |
| Used condoms in past 24-hr | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | −0.60 (−1.38, 0.19) | 0.24 (−0.35, 0.84) | 0.32 (−0.17, 0.80) | 0.12 (−0.33, 0.57) |
| Personal care product use | ||||
| Used perfume in past 24-hr | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 0.14 (−0.22, 0.50) | −0.18 (−0.46, 0.09) | 0.19 (−0.03, 0.41) | −0.04 (−0.25, 0.16) |
| Used lotion before bed in past 24-hr | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | −0.01 (−0.36, 0.35) | 0.00 (−0.27, 0.27) | 0.36 (0.14, 0.58) | 0.10 (−0.10, 0.30) |
| Used make-up in past 24-hr | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | −0.14 (−0.54, 0.25) | 0.20 (−0.10, 0.50) | 0.52 (0.27, 0.76) | 0.05 (−0.17, 0.28) |
| Used nail polish in past 24-hr | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | −0.57 (−1.13, −0.01) | 0.34 (−0.09, 0.76) | 0.04 (−0.31, 0.38) | 0.17 (−0.15, 0.49) |
| Used vaginal douche in past 24-hr | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | −0.16 (−1.28, 0.95) | −0.15 (−0.99, 0.70) | 0.09 (−0.59, 0.78) | −0.21 (−0.85, 0.43) |
| Used vaginal powder in past 24-hr | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | −0.12 (−0.62, 0.38) | −0.26 (−0.64, 0.12) | 0.39 (0.08, 0.70) | −0.32 (−0.60, −0.03) |
| Used vaginal deodorant in past 24-hr | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | −0.56 (−1.12, 0.01) | −0.11 (−0.54, 0.32) | 0.24 (−0.10, 0.59) | −0.11 (−0.43, 0.22) |
| Frequency of sunscreen use at baseline | ||||
| Never/hardly ever | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Sometimes | −0.31 (−0.81, 0.18) | 0.15 (−0.22, 0.53) | 0.33 (0.03, 0.64) | −0.17 (−0.46, 0.11) |
| Often | −0.74 (−1.50, 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.57, 0.59) | 0.19 (−0.27, 0.66) | −0.05 (−0.49, 0.38) |
| Always/nearly always | 0.10 (−0.61, 0.81) | −0.19 (−0.72, 0.35) | 0.31 (−0.13, 0.75) | −0.36 (−0.76, 0.05) |
a
Principal component scores were calculated by multiplying each chemical’s z-score with the principal component loading factor and summing across all analytes.
b
PC-1 was indicative of exposure to all phthalates and BPA; PC-2 was indicative of exposure to BzBP and low molecular weight phthalates (positive loadings) and high molecular weight phthalates (negative loadings); PC-3 was indicative of exposure to parabens, diethyl phthalate (the precursor of MEP), 2,4-dichlorophenol, benzophenone-3, and triclosan (positive loadings), and the parent compounds of MBP, MHBP MBzP (negative loadings); PC-4 was indicative of exposure to parabens (positive loadings) and 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol, and triclosan (negative loadings).