Table 1.
Recently reported maternal immune correlates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
| Study | Cohort | Region | Population | Dominant Virus Clade | Treatment Status | Breastfeeding Status | Sample Size | Transmission Mode | Immune Correlate | MTCT Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Permar et al. (32) | Women and Infants Transmission Study (WITS) | United States | HIV-infected mother-infant pairs | B | Naïve | No | T (n = 83); NT(n=165) | Perinatal | V3-specific IgG binding | Decreased |
| Soluble CD4- bs blocking | ||||||||||
| Tier 1A virus neutralization | ||||||||||
| Martinez et al. (33) | Women and Infants Transmission Study (WITS) | United States | HIV-infected mother-infant pairs | B | Naïve | No | T (n = 83); NT(n=165) | Perinatal | C-terminal V3- specific IgG binding and neutralization | Decreased |
| Diomede et al. (34) | Coronation Women and Children Hospital | South Africa | HIV-infected mother-infant pairs | C | sdNVP | No | I (n=40) U (n=34) | Perinatal | MPER gp41- specific IgG binding | Decreased |
| Naiman et al. (35) | Nairobi Breastfeeding Clinical Trial (NBT) | Kenya | HIV-infected mother-infant pairs | C | Naïve | Yes | T (n=21); NT (n=51) | Postnatal | gp41 ectodomain-specific IgG binding | Increased |
| Mutucumarana et al. (39) | Breastfeeding, Anti retrovirals, and Nutrition (BAN) | Malawi | HIV-infected mother-infant pairs | C | sdNVP followed by 1 week of zidovudine and lamivudine | Yes | T (n=45); NT (n=43) | Perinatal (in utero) | CD4-bs IgG binding | Increased |
| V1V2-specific IgG binding | ||||||||||
| Milligan et al. (44) | Nairobi Breastfeeding Trial (NBT) | Kenya | HIV-infected mother-infant pairs | A | Na ïve | Yes | T (n=10); NT (n = 10) | Postnatal | Maternal autologous virus neutralization | Not associated |
| Ghulam-Smith et al. (45) | Breastfeeding, Antiretrovirals, and Nutrition (BAN) | Malawi | HIV-infected mother-infant pairs | C | sdNVP followed by 1 week of zidovudine | Yes | T (n=21); NT (n=42) | Postnatal | Maternal heterologous virus neutralization | Increased |
| Mabuka et al. (46) | Nairobi Breastfeeding Trial (NBT) | Kenya | HIV-infected mother-infant pairs | A | Na ïve | Yes | T (n=9); NT (n=10) | Postnatal | Breastmilk supernatant ADCC activity | Decreased |
| Pollara et al. (42) | Breastfeeding, Antiretrovirals, and Nutrition (BAN) | Malawi | HIV-infected mother-infant pairs | C | sdNVP followed by 1 week of zidovudine and lamivudine | Yes | T (n=9); NT (n=10) | Postnatal | Breastmilk mucosal Env-specific IgA | Decreased |
| Breasmilk or plasma Env-specific IgG binding, neutralization, ADCC | Not associated | |||||||||
| Milligan et al. (43) | Nairobi Breastfeeding Trial (NBT) | Kenya | HIV-exposed infants | A | Na ïve | Yes | (n=72) | Postnatal | Passively acquired infant ADCC activity | Decreased |
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) Transmitting (T) Nontransmitting (NT) Infected (I) Uninfected (U) Single dose nevirapine (sdNVP) variable loop 3 (V3) CD4 binding site (CD4bs) membrane-proximal external region (MPER) variable loop 1 and variable loop 2 (V1V2) antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)