Table 1. Sociodemographic data, lifestyle factors and health-related quality of life of the study population (n = 1459).
|
Total study
population |
p-value*1 |
Post-COVID-19 (symptom duration ≥ 12 weeks) |
p-value*1 | |||
| No symptoms/ symptoms < 12 weeksn = 739 |
Symptoms
≥ 12 weeks (post-COVID-19) n = 720 |
Not hospitalized n = 588 | Hospitalized n = 127 | |||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 50 (33–60) | 54 (42–64) | < 0.001*2 | 52 (37–61) | 69 (57–80) | < 0.001*2 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 361 (48.8) | 226 (36.1) | < 0.001 | 196 (33.3) | 62 (48.8) | 0.004*3 |
| Female | 369 (49.9) | 455 (63.2) | 388 (66.0) | 65 (51.2) | ||
| Missing value | 9 (1.2) | 5 (0.7) | 4 (0.7) | 0 (0) | ||
| Education level | ||||||
| No qualifications | 16 (2.2) | 8 (1.1) | < 0.001 | 3 (0.5) | 5 (3.9) | < 0.001*3 |
| School certificate | 211 (28.6) | 179 (24.9) | 142 (24.1) | 36 (28.3) | ||
| Vocational training diploma | 243 (32.9) | 290 (40.3) | 228 (38.8) | 61 (48.0) | ||
| University degree | 261 (35.3) | 233 (32.4) | 207 (35.2) | 24 (18.9) | ||
| Missing value | 8 (1.1) | 10 (1.4) | 8 (1.4) | 1 (0.8) | ||
| Administrative district | ||||||
| Enzkreis | 166 (22.5) | 147 (20.4) | 0.608 | 108 (18.4) | 38 (29.9) | 0.012 |
| Reutlingen | 267 (36.1) | 272 (37.8) | 231 (39.3) | 40 (31.5) | ||
| Tübingen | 306 (41.4) | 301 (41.8) | 249 (42.3) | 49 (38.6) | ||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Current smoker or ex- smoker | 470 (63.6) | 424 (57.5) | 0.044 | 220 (37.4) | 60 (47.2) | 0.004 |
| Never smoker | 245 (33.2) | 284 (39.4) | 354 (60.2) | 59 (46.5) | ||
| Missing value | 24 (3.2) | 22 (3.1) | 14 (2.4) | 8 (6.3) | ||
| diet | ||||||
| Conventional | 661 (89.4) | 634 (88.1) | 0.652 | 511 (86.9) | 119 (93.7) | 0.074*3 |
| Vegetarian/vegan | 67 (9.1) | 72 (10.0) | 65 (11.1) | 6 (4.7) | ||
| Missing value | 11 (1.5) | 14 (1.9) | 12 (2.0) | 2 (1.6) | ||
| Nursing home resident | ||||||
| Yes | 34 (4.6) | 13 (1.8) | 0.010 | 9 (1.5) | 4 (3.1) | 0.414*3 |
| No | 697 (94.3) | 700 (97.2) | 574 (97.6) | 122 (96.1) | ||
| Missing value | 14 (1.1) | 7 (1.0) | 5 (0.9) | 1 (0.8) | ||
| Cumulative duration of sick leave (days) | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 14 (14–20) | 20 (14–28) | < 0.001*2 | 18 (14–26) | 45 (28–77) | < 0.001*2 |
| Health-related quality of life | ||||||
| EQ5D-5L, median (IQR) | 1.00 (0.94–1.00) | 0.93 (0.84–1.00) | < 0.001*2 | 0.94 (0.87–1.0) | 0.85 (0.62–0.92) | < 0.001*2 |
| EQ5D-VAS, median (IQR) | 90 (80–95) | 80 (65–85) | < 0.001*2 | 80 (70–90) | 70 (50–75) | < 0.001*2 |
Absolute and relative frequencies are presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Information on hospitalization was missing for five participants in the post-COVID-19 group.
EQ5D-5L, EuroQoL 5-dimension 5-level; EQ5D-VAS, EuroQoL 5-dimension visual analog scale; IQR, interquartile range
*1 Chi-square tests were used to calculate p-values unless otherwise indicated.
*2 Mann–Whitney U test.; *3 Fisher’s exact test.