Table 2.
Characteristics of Combined Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia (n = 30)
| Characteristics | Gasless Single Port Approach Laparoscopy, n (%) |
|---|---|
| Conversion to general anesthesia | 0 |
| Paresthesia from spinal needle insertion | 0 |
| CSE block | |
| L 3 – 4 | 29 (96.7) |
| L 4 – 5 | 1 (3.3) |
| Peak sensory level | |
| T 2 | 1 (3.3) |
| T 3 | 5 (16.7) |
| T 4 | 24 (80) |
| Intraoperative adverse event | |
| Anxiety requiring midazolam | 12 (40) |
| Nausea/vomiting requiring antiemetics | 6 (20) |
| Hypotension (Systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg*) | 5 (16.7) |
| Shoulder pain or abdominal discomfort requiring analgesics | 4 (13.3) |
| Bradycardia (Heart rate < 50 rate per minute) | 1 (3.3) |
| Respiratory discomfort | 0 |
*
Occurs at least once during operation.