Table 3.

Risk Factors of In-Hospital Outcome in Patients with IE (Univariate Analysis)

Variables, n (%)	Survivors, N=225	Death, N=15	P-value
Age >65 y	27 (12.0)	6 (40.0)	0.002*
Male	143 (63.6)	11 (73.3)	0.444
Clinical manifestations
Fever	117 (52.0)	12 (80.0)	0.903
Chest tightness/asthma	99 (44.0)	5 (33.3)	0.420
Cardiac murmur	193 (85.8)	12 (80.0)	0.539
Predisposing factors
CHD	51 (22.7)	0	0.038*
RHD	19 (8.4)	2 (13.3)	0.516
Previous heart valve surgery	19 (8.4)	4 (26.7)	0.020*
Complications
Intracranial infection	9 (4.0)	5 (33.3)	<0.001*
Septic shock	3 (1.3)	3 (20.0)	<0.001*
Splenic embolization	5 (2.2)	3 (20.0)	<0.001*
Cerebral hemorrhage	13 (5.8)	5 (33.3)	<0.001*
Cerebral emboli	19 (8.4)	2 (13.3)	0.516
Atrial fibrillation	18 (8.0)	4 (26.7)	0.015*
NYHA class III–IV	80 (35.6)	10 (66.7)	0.016*
Echocardiographic data
Vegetation size ≥ 10mm	108 (48.0)	8 (53.3)	0.689
Mitral location	115 (51.1)	9 (60.0)	0.505
Aortic location	106 (47.1)	10 (66.7)	0.142
Multivalvular infection	45 (20.0)	4 (26.7)	0.535
Prosthetic valve infection	17 (7.6)	4 (26.7)	0.011*
Causative microorganism
Streptococcus spp.	54 (24.0)	1 (6.7)	0.122
S. aureus	15 (6.7)	3 (20.0)	0.058
CoNS	10 (4.4)	1 (6.7)	0.690
Enterococcus faecalis	3 (1.3)	1 (6.7)	0.118
Gram-negative bacilli	9 (4.0)	3 (20.0)	0.006*
Surgical treatment	167 (74.2)	6 (40.0)	0.004*

Note: *P<0.05.