Table 3.
Stressful life events direct and indirect (via coping strategies) effects on risk-taking behaviors - baseline and texting (N = 126)
| Model 3: Baseline data | Model 4: Texting data | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delinquent behavior a | Substance use | Risky sex | Delinquent behavior | Substance use | |
| Parameter estimation | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) |
| Age | .005 (.16) | .24* (.12) | .29* (.12) | .13 (.17) | .04 (.17) |
| Sex | .36** (.13) | .30** (.11) | .51*** (.11) | .42** (.15) | .13 (.20) |
| Race | −.19 (.16) | −.56*** (.11) | −.12 (.17) | −.14 (.21) | −.55** (.22) |
| Free lunch | −.13 (.16) | −.14 (.11) | −.06 (.15) | −.23** (.21) | −.21 (.23) |
| Sensation seeking | .33* (.17) | .21+ (.11) | .31* (.14) | .28 (.23) | .16 (.21) |
| Stress life events b | .60*** (.17) | .48*** (.10) | .37** (.11) | .56** (.17) | .36+ (.20) |
| Coping strategies | |||||
| Active problem solving | .21 (.18) | −.07 (.16) | −.20 (.18) | .21 (.23) | −.03 (.23) |
| Positive reframing | −.01 (.16) | −.01 (.13) | −.11 (.16) | −.02 (.19) | −.19 (.19) |
| Distraction | −.30* (.15) | −.07 (.13) | −.20 (.13) | −.39* (.17) | −.26 (.18) |
| Avoidance | .12 (.18) | .28* (.10) | .34** (.12) | .15 (.20) | .42* (.16) |
| Support-seeking | −.21 (.16) | .05 (.15) | .03 (.16) | −.05 (.21) | .18 (.21) |
| Stress life events → Coping strategies | |||||
| Stress life events → Active problem solving | .07 (.07) | .07 (.07) | |||
| Stress life events → Positive reframing | −.11 (.08) | −.11 (.08) | |||
| Stress life events → Distraction | .20* (.09) | .22* (.09) | |||
| Stress life events → Avoidance | .26*** (.09) | .26** (.08) | |||
| Stress life events → Support-seeking | −.04 (.07) | −.04 (.07) | |||
| B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | |
| Indirect effect of coping (Bootstrap)c | |||||
| via active problem solving | .20 (−.17, 1.47) | −.07 (−1.06, .25) | −.25 (−2.16, .20) | .18 (−.21, 1.77) | −02 (−.58, .28) |
| via positive reframing | .02 (−.60, .88) | .02 (−.38, .71) | .22 (−.44, 1.72) | .03 (−.69, 1.01) | .14 (−.12, .83) |
| via distraction | −.82 (−2.72, .06) | −.17 (−1.39, .49) | −.71 (−2.65, .31) | −.98 (−3.11, .12) | −.35 (−1.40, .12) |
| via avoidance | .42 (−1.07, 2.04) | .95 (.16, 2.29) | 1.57 (.18, 3.70) | .49 (−1.13, 2.25) | .75 (.13, 1.88) |
| via support-seeking | .11 (−.21, 1.13) | −.03 (−.62, .21) | −.02 (−.78, .31) | .02 (−.32, 2.25) | −.05 (−.59, .12) |
| Dispersion (Unstandardized) | .73** (.24) | - | - | - | - |
| B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | |
| Total effect | 8.00 [3.33, 12.70] | 6.85 [3.96, 9.94] | 7.10 [2.75, 10.63] | 6.66*** [2.11, 10.32] | 2.93 [0.15, 5.78] |
| Direct effect | 8.06 [3.85, 13.42] | 6.14 [3.15, 9.25] | 6.30 [2.17, 10.63] | 6.90*** [2.18, 10.95] | 2.45 [−0.39, 5.51] |
| Total indirect effect | −0.08 [−2.80, 1.94] | 0.71 [−0.67, 2.17] | 0.81 [−2.01, 3.00] | −0.25 [−2.60, 1.99] | 0.48 [−0.75, 1.70] |
| Significant Indirect effect | 0.95* [0.16, 2.29] | 1.57* [0.18, 3.70] | - | 0.75* [0.13, 1.88] | |
| Model fit indices | |||||
| AIC | 2168.12 | 1635.62 | |||
| BIC | 2315.61 | 1774.60 | |||
| Adjusted BIC | 2151.17 | 1619.65 | |||
Note.
a
Negative binomial regression was used for delinquent behavior measured at baseline, all other behavior outcomes were modeled with Poisson regressions.
b
The variable stress life event was divided by a factor of 100 to bring variables to a similar scale.
c
bootstrapped indirect effect is with unstandardized estimates. β, standardized coefficient. SE, standard error. B, unstandardized coefficient. CI, Confidence Interval.
***
p < .001
**
p < .01
*
p < .05
+
p < .10.