Table 1.

Selected references on electrospinning for tissue engineering strategies in periodontal tissue regeneration

Reference	Advantages/Disadvantages	Most Relevant Findings
Monophasic Electrospun Membranes
[62]	(+) biodegradable, nano-size diameter	Good osteoinductive ability as a result of the characteristics of nHA.
[63]	(+) various types of synthetic polymers can be used to form fibers	High potential for osteoconduction and mineralization of ECM with PLLA membranes and better osteoinductivity with pisPLLA membranes.
[65]	(+) readily functionalized with bioactive molecules	Increased proliferation of preosteoblasts as compared to Epiguide and membranes without BG.
[66]	(+) fibers can also be produced from natural polymers	Enhanced osteogenic gene expression; able to promote periodontal tissue regeneration in the furcation defect of dogs.
[53]	(+) biodegradable, two types of antibiotics were incorporated into nanofibers	Prolonged release of MET and CIP and significant inhibition growth of bacteria with CIP including nanofibers.
[54]	(−) requirement of additional step to prevent the burst release of hydrophilic drug (CIP HCl)	Controlled release of CIP from nanofibers thanks to antimicrobial oligomer developed.
[55]	(+) blending with gelatin improved stretching ability of membranes under wet conditions	Antibacterial activity against periodontopathogens.
[59]	(−) burst release depending on nHA content	Slow release of AMX, and biomineralization owing to nHA
[58]	(−) burst release of MX	Achieved prolonged drug release, high proliferation rate.
[67]	(+) aligned and random fiber production	Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, sustained release of DEX thanks to aligned fibers.
Coaxial Nano/microfibrous Electrospun Membranes
[51]	(+) sustained release of hydrophilic drug (−) complex process of coaxial fiber production	Controlled release of TET-HCl for 75 days for periodontal regeneration.
[48]	(+) release behaviour might be tuned by core:shell flow ratio	The release as sustained over 4 days.
[72]	(+) maintaining bioactivity of GFs, (+) incorporation of different bioactive agents in core and shell	Bone regeneration was improved by 43% compared with single systems.
[70]	(+) protecting sensitive GFs from toxic solvents used (−) complex process of coaxial fiber production	Osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity can be modified due to the sustained release of factors loaded.
Multiphasic and Functionally Graded Electrospun Membranes
[47]	(+) straightforward production compared to coaxial electrospinning	Sustained release were achieved for 28 days and regeneration of alveolar ridge was improved.
[42]	(+) the multiphasic and most advanced constructs achieved by electrospinning	nHA and MET provides the osteoinductivity and antibacterial activity to the membrane for periodontal regeneration, respectively.