. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Biling (Camb Engl). 2021 Nov 9;25(3):417–429. doi: 10.1017/s1366728921000924

Table 1.

Results from the objective measures of language proficiency.

			ENGLISH		SPANISH		SIG. TEST (Span vs Eng)		BTW GROUPS (N-N Engl vs N Engl)
	MEASURE	GROUP	M	SD	M	SD	t	p	t	p
OBJECTIVE MEASURES	DELE & MELICET (Acc. prop)	Non native	0.69	0.12	0.79	0.15	−2.59	.01^**	-	-
	DELE & MELICET (Acc. prop)	Native	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	BNT (Acc. prop)	Non native	0.61	0.16	0.68	0.21	1.41	.17	2.02	.049^*
	BNT (Acc. prop)	Native	0.68	0.07	-	-	-	-	2.02	.049^*
	Grammatical judgment (d’)	Non native	0.84	0.99	-	-	-	-	0.16	.88
	Grammatical judgment (d’)	Native	0.89	1.29	-	-	-	-	0.16	.88
	Semantic judgment (d’)	Non native	0.88	1.17	-	-	-	-	0.24	.81
	Semantic judgment (d’)	Native	0.97	1.12	-	-	-	-	0.24	.81

Span = Spanish; Eng = English; N-N Eng = Non-native speakers of English; N Eng = native speakers of English; Acc. prop = proportion accuracy; RT = reaction time in milliseconds; d’ = d prime discrimination index.

indicates contrasts at p < .05,

^**

p ≤ .01.