Table 3.
Main effects of loneliness on depressive symptoms (N = 575).
| Depressive symptoms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | |
| Loneliness | .01 (.02)*** | .07 (.02)*** | .14 (.04)*** | .45 (.14)** | .55 (.13)*** |
| Age at immigration | |||||
| Immigration at age 19–44a | .25 (.21) | .29 (.20) | .28 (.20) | .30 (.20) | |
| Immigration at age 45 or oldera | .62 (.30)* | .62 (.29)* | .59 (.29)* | .59 (.29)* | |
| Social network | |||||
| Frequency of contact with family | −.04 (.02)* | ||||
| Number of close family | −.04 (.10)* | ||||
| Relationship quality | |||||
| Perceived positive support | −.03 (.02)* | ||||
| Perceived negative strain | .02 (.02)* | ||||
| Social support | |||||
| Hours of helping family | .04 (.06) | ||||
| Age | −.02 (.01) | −.02 (.01) | −.01 (.01) | −.01 (.01) | −.01 (.01) |
| Female | .19 (.15) | .18 (.16) | .17 (.14) | .18 (.15) | .01 (.07) |
| Married | −.32 (.17)* | −.27 (.17) | −.30 (.16)† | −.33 (.16)* | −.30 (.16)† |
| Race/ethnicity (ref: White) | |||||
| Black | −.05 (.26) | −.16 (.28) | −.13 (.27) | −.11 (.26) | −.14 (.27) |
| Hispanic | .25 (.17) | .24 (.18) | .21 (.19) | .24 (.17) | .22 (.17) |
| Other | .24 (.26) | .18 (.28) | .13 (.27) | .15 (.27) | .12 (.27) |
| Education (years) | −.09 (.03)*** | −.10 (.02)*** | −.09 (.02)*** | −.09 (.02)*** | −.08 (.02)*** |
| Income (logged) | −.02 (.04) | −.02 (.05) | −.01 (.04) | −.01 (.04) | −.01 (.05) |
| Living with children | .09 (.21) | −.17 (.20) | .09 (.21) | .08 (.20) | .06 (.21) |
| Chronic conditions | .24 (.05)*** | .24 (.06)*** | .25 (.05)*** | .24 (.10)*** | .25 (.05)*** |
| Functional limitations | .00 (.06) | .00 (.06) | .02 (.06) | .02 (.06) | .01 (.07) |
| _Constant | 1.99 (1.11)* | 2.07 (1.18)* | 2.35 (1.14)* | 2.38 (1.21)* | 2.01 (1.11)* |
Notes.
a
Reference group was immigration at age <19. Significance levels are denoted as
†
p<.10
*
p<.05
**
p<.01
***
p<.001.