Table 2.

Fixed-effects models estimating the associations between days spent outside and mental health and mental wellbeing (N = 35,301; n = 155,366).

	Depressive symptoms			Anxiety symptoms			Life satisfaction			Loneliness
	Coef	95% CI	P value	Coef	95% CI	P value	Coef	95% CI	P value	Coef	95% CI	P value
Number of days spent outside	− 0.08	− 0.10, − 0.06	< 0.001	− 0.06	− 0.07, − 0.04	< 0.001	0.05	0.04, 0.06	< 0.001	0.00	− 0.00, 0.01	0.463

The models controlled for all time-invariant variables and time-varying variables including number of days respondents have had face to face contact with others for ≥ 15 min in the past 7 days, number of days respondents have had phone/video call with others for ≥ 15 min in the past 7 days, perceived social support, compliance with the government isolation guidance, and self-isolation status.

Significant values are in bold.