Table 3.

Fixed-effects models estimating the associations between days spent outside and mental health and mental wellbeing: the moderating effects of household and neighbourhood factors.

	Depressive symptoms			Anxiety symptoms			Life satisfaction			Loneliness
	Coef	95% CI	P value	Coef	95% CI	P value	Coef	95% CI	P value	Coef	95% CI	P value
Household moderators
Interacting with living arrangement (N = 35,301; n = 155,366)
Days spent outside	− 0.08	− 0.10, − 0.06	< 0.001	− 0.07	− 0.09, − 0.06	< 0.001	0.05	0.04, 0.06	< 0.001	0.00	− 0.01, 0.01	0.855
Living alone * days spent outside	− 0.00	− 0.05, 0.04	0.843	0.07	0.03, 0.10	0.001	− 0.03	− 0.05, − 0.00	0.016	0.01	− 0.01, 0.03	0.244
Interacting with household overcrowding (N = 35,301; n = 155,366)
Days spent outside	− 0.08	− 0.10, − 0.06	< 0.001	− 0.06	− 0.08, − 0.05	< 0.001	0.04	0.03, 0.05	< 0.001	0.00	− 0.00, 0.01	0.298
Household overcrowding*days spent outside	− 0.01	− 0.08, 0.06	0.819	0.03	− 0.03, 0.09	0.287	0.03	− 0.00, 0.06	0.062	− 0.01	− 0.03, 0.01	0.506
Interacting with garden/balcony access (N = 20,019; n = 97,235)
Days spent outside	− 0.11	− 0.17, − 0.05	< 0.001	− 0.00	− 0.07, 0.06	0.984	0.04	0.01, 0.07	0.005	− 0.00	− 0.02, 0.02	0.791
Garden/balcony access*days spent outside	0.03	− 0.03, 0.10	0.319	− 0.07	0.13, 0.00	0.056	0.01	− 0.02, 0.04	0.405	0.01	− 0.02, 0.03	0.621
Neighbourhood moderators
Interacting with living area (N = 35,301; n = 155,366)
Days spent outside	− 0.08	− 0.11, − 0.05	< 0.001	− 0.06	− 0.08, − 0.04	< 0.001	0.05	0.04, 0.06	< 0.001	− 0.00	− 0.01, 0.00	0.423
Living area*days spent outside
Small town	− 0.00	− 0.05, 0.04	0.918	0.01	− 0.02, 0.05	0.447	0.00	− 0.02, 0.02	0.942	0.01	− 0.00, 0.03	0.131
Rural area	0.01	− 0.04, 0.05	0.767	− 0.01	− 0.05, 0.02	0.491	− 0.01	− 0.03, 0.01	0.527	0.01	− 0.00, 0.03	0.148
(REF: City/large town)
Interacting with perceived walkability satisfaction (N = 17,659; n = 87,235)
Days spent outside	− 0.01	− 0.06, 0.04	0.685	− 0.00	− 0.05, 0.05	0.975	0.04	0.02, 0.07	0.002	− 0.02	− 0.04, 0.01	0.186
Perceived walkability*days spent outside	− 0.06	− 0.11, − 0.01	0.025	− 0.06	− 0.11, − 0.01	0.026	− 0.00	− 0.03, 0.03	0.982	0.03	− 0.00, 0.05	0.109
Interacting with green space access (N = 20,019; n = 97,235)
Days spent outside	− 0.07	− 0.09, − 0.04	< 0.001	− 0.05	− 0.08, − 0.03	< 0.001	0.05	0.03, 0.06	< 0.001	0.01	− 0.00, 0.02	0.277
Green space access*days spent outside	− 0.03	− 0.07, 0.01	0.142	− 0.01	− 0.05, 0.02	0.495	0.01	− 0.02, 0.03	0.612	− 0.01	− 0.02, 0.01	0.219
Interacting with green space/parks satisfaction (N = 17,833, n = 88,074)
Days spent outside	− 0.02	− 0.06, 0.03	0.545	− 0.02	− 0.06, 0.03	0.449	0.04	0.01, 0.06	0.003	− 0.00	− 0.02, 0.02	0.829
Green space/parks satisfaction*days spent outside	− 0.06	− 0.11, − 0.00	0.039	− 0.04	− 0.09, 0.01	0.094	0.01	− 0.02, 0.03	0.663	0.00	− 0.02, 0.03	0.694
Interacting with overall neighbourhood satisfaction (N = 17,845; n = 88,123)
Days spent outside	− 0.01	− 0.08, 0.06	0.792	− 0.00	− 0.06, 0.06	0.997	0.05	0.02, 0.09	0.005	− 0.05	− 0.10, 0.00	0.070
Neighbourhood satisfaction * days spent outside	− 0.02	− 0.04, 0.00	0.114	− 0.02	− 0.03, 0.00	0.077	− 0.00	− 0.01, 0.01	0.576	0.01	0.00, 0.02	0.047

The models controlled for all time-invariant variables and time-varying variables including number of days respondents have had face to face contact with others for ≥ 15 min in the past 7 days, number of days respondents have had phone/video call with others for ≥ 15 min in the past 7 days, perceived social support, compliance with the government isolation guidance, and self-isolation status.

Significant values are in bold.