Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the study population
| Characteristics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whole cohort | ESBL group | Non-ESBL group | P-value | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| 1100 | 277 (25.2) | 823 (74.8) | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 415 (37.7) | 108 (39) | 307 (37.7) | 0.616 |
| Female | 685 (62.3) | 169 (61) | 516 (62.7) | |
| Age group (years) | ||||
| 18–30 | 130 (11.8) | 26 (9.4) | 104 (12.6) | 0.470 |
| 31–50 | 323 (29.4) | 82 (29.6) | 241 (29.3) | |
| 51–70 | 342 (31.1) | 86 (31) | 256 (31.1) | |
| >70 | 305 (27.7) | 83 (30) | 222 (27) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Qatari | 388 (35.3) | 94 (33.9) | 294 (35.7) | 0.590 |
| Expatriate | 712 (64.7) | 183 (66.1) | 529 (64.3) | |
| Source of collection | ||||
| Emergency department | 466 (42.4) | 119 (43) | 347 (42.2) | 0.004 |
| Outpatient department | 357 (32.5) | 107 (38.6) | 250 (30.4) | |
| Inpatient | 277 (25.1) | 51 (18.4) | 226 (27.4) | |
| History of UTI in preceding 1 year | ||||
| Yes | 536 (48.7) | 161 (61) | 375 (47.8) | <0.001 |
| No | 513 (46.6) | 103 (39) | 410 (52.2) | |
| Number of UTIs in preceding 1 year | ||||
| NIL | 513 (46.6) | 103 (38.9) | 411 (52.2) | 0.002 |
| 1–4 | 412 (37.5) | 124 (46.8) | 288 (36.6) | |
| 5–8 | 115 (10.5) | 34 (12.8) | 81 (10.3) | |
| >8 | 11 (1.0) | 4 (1.5) | 7 (0.9) | |
| Previous ESBL-UTI in preceding 1 year | ||||
| Yes | 223 (20.3) | 97 (35.8) | 126 (15.8) | <0.001 |
| No | 848 (77.1) | 174 (64.2) | 674 (84.3) | |
| History of surgical procedures | ||||
| Invasive urological procedure in preceding 1 year | 147 (13.3) | 56 (20.2) | 91 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| History of urinary catheterization in preceding 3 months | 303 (27.5) | 76 (27.4) | 227 (27.6) | 0.963 |
| Previous hospital admissions | ||||
| <3 months | 371 (33.7) | 111 (40.1) | 260 (31.6) | 0.01 |
| 3–12 months | 264 (24.0) | 75 (27.1) | 189 (23) | 0.166 |
| Antibiotic change after culture results | ||||
| Yes | 287 (26.1) | 72 (39.3) | 215 (38.1) | 0.767 |
| No | 460 (41.6) | 111 (60.7) | 349 (61.9) | |
| Blood culture | ||||
| Positive | 61 (5.5) | 12 (12) | 49 (15.1) | 0.43 |
| Negative | 363 (33) | 88 (88) | 275 (84.9) | |
| Not available | 676 (61.5) | |||
| Recurrence of UTI after index episode | 487 (44.3) | 151 (54.5) | 336 (40.8) | <0.001 |
| Re-admission due to UTI within 30 days of index episode | 63 (5.7) | 25 (9) | 38 (4.6) | 0.006 |
UTI, urinary tract infection; ESBL, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase.