Table 3.
Comparison of risk factors for urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms vs non-ESBL-producing organisms
| Variables | ESBL group n (%) |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI for OR) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Male (n=415) | 108 (26) | ||
| Female (n=685) | 169(24.7) | 0.93 (0.70–1.23) | 0.616 |
| Age group (years) | |||
| 18–30 (n=130) | 26 (20) | 0.473 | |
| 31–50 (n=323) | 82 (25.4) | 1.36 (0.82–2.23) | 0.225 |
| 51–70 (n=342) | 86 (25.1) | 1.34 (0.82–2.20) | 0.241 |
| >71 (n=305) | 83 (27.2) | 1.49 (0.90–2.46) | 0.113 |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Qatari (n=388) | 94 (24.2) | ||
| Expatriate (n=712) | 183 (25.7) | 1.08 (0.81–1.44) | 0.590 |
| Source of collection | |||
| Emergency department (n=466) | 119 (25.5) | 0.005 | |
| Outpatient department (n=357) | 107 (30) | 1.24 (0.91–1.69) | 0.158 |
| Inpatient (n=276) | 51 (18.5) | 0.66 (0.45–0.95) | 0.028 |
| Co-morbidities | |||
| Diabetes (n=502) | 135 (26.9) | 1.18 (0.89–1.55) | 0.231 |
| Chronic kidney disease (n=266) | 75 (28.2) | 1.22 (0.90–1.67) | 0.194 |
| Malignancy (n=106) | 31 (29.2) | 1.25 (0.80–1.95) | 0.311 |
| Pregnancy (n=25) | 4 (16) | 0.57 (0.19–1.68) | 0.310 |
| Post partum (n=9) | 2 (22.2) | 0.87 (0.18–4.25) | 0.868 |
| Liver cirrhosis (n=28) | 5 (17.9) | 0.63 (0.24–1.69) | 0.370 |
| Benign prostate hyperplasia (n=130) | 37 (28.5) | 1.19 (0.74–1.90) | 0.457 |
| Skin infection (n=76) | 18 (23.7) | 0.91 (0.53–1.58) | 0.755 |
| Neurogenic bladder (n=51) | 16 (31.4) | 1.38 (0.75–2.53) | 0.299 |
| Urolithiasis (n=141) | 35 (24.8) | 0.97 (0.65–1.47) | 0.916 |
| Vesicouritic reflux (n=22) | 9 (40.9) | 2.09 (0.88–4.95) | 0.093 |
| Renal transplant (n=60) | 17 (28.3) | 1.18 (0.66–2.11) | 0.563 |
| Haemodialysis (n=41) | 13 (31.7) | 1.39 (0.71–2.73) | 0.329 |
| Peritoneal dialysis (n=16) | 5 (31.3) | 1.35 (0.46–3.94) | 0.575 |
| Medications | |||
| Corticosteroids in preceding 1 month (n=96) | 29 (30.2) | 1.31 (0.83–2.08) | 0.236 |
| Chemotherapy in preceding 1 month (n=12) | 4 (33.3) | 1.49 (0.44–4.99) | 0.516 |
| Immunosuppressive medications (n=91) | 26 (28.6) | 1.20 (0.75–1.94) | 0.437 |
| Antibiotics in preceding 3 months (n=490) | 151 (30.8) | 1.75 (1.32–2.32) | <0.001 |
| Antibiotics used in preceding 3 months | |||
| No antibiotics (n=565) | 124 (21.9) | ||
| Penicillin (n=88) | 13 (14.8) | 0.61 (0.33–1.14) | 0.127 |
| Cephalosporin (n=103) | 33 (29.2) | 1.46 (0.93–2.30) | 0.096 |
| Fluoroquinolone (n=58) | 20 (34.5) | 1.87 (1.05–3.33) | 0.033 |
| Nitrofurantoin (n=79) | 29 (36.7) | 2.06 (1.25–3.39) | 0.004 |
| Trimethoprim-sulphamethxazole (n=33) | 7 (21.2) | 0.95 (0.40–2.25) | 0.921 |
| Other (n=35) | 9 (25.7) | 1.23 (0.56–2.69) | 0.603 |
| History of UTI in preceding 1 year | |||
| Yes (n=526) | 161 (30) | 1.70 (1.28–2.27) | <0.001 |
| Number of UTIs in preceding 1 year | |||
| 0 (n=514) | 103 (20) | ||
| 1–4 (n=412) | 124 (30.1) | 1.71 (1.27–2.32) | <0.001 |
| 5–8 (n=115) | 34 (29.6) | 1.77 (1.06–2.64) | 0.026 |
| >8 (n=11) | 4 (36.4) | 2.28 (0.65–7.93) | 0.195 |
| Previous ESBL-UTI in preceding 1 year | |||
| Yes (n=223) | 97 (43.5) | 2.98 (2.18–4.07) | <0.001 |
| Surgical procedures | |||
| Invasive urology procedure in preceding 1 year (n=147) | 56 (38.1) | 2.03 (1.41–2.93) | <0.001 |
| Urinary catheter in preceding 3 months (n=303) | 76 (25.1) | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) | 0.963 |
| Previous hospital admissions | |||
| <3 months (n=371) | 111(29.9) | 1.44 (1.09–1.91) | 0.010 |
| 3–12 months (n=264) | 75 (28.4) | 1.24 (0.91–1.70) | 0.166 |
| Blood culture | |||
| Positive (n=61) | 12 (19.7) | 1.30 (0.66–2.56) | 0.438 |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.