Table 1.

Overview of study characteristics of included studies.

Author	N	Effects; Buffering or reactivity effects	Effects; Between or within comparisons	Hormonal outcome	Emotion regulation strategy	Emotion regulation goal	Induction procedure	Emotion induced	Population type; healthy or psychiatric
Akinola et al. (2016) [2]	97	Buffering	Between (control), within	Salivary cortisol	Reappraisal	Downregulate neg	Social evaluative	Negative	Healthy
Cruess et al. (2015) [21]	120	Buffering	Between (active, control), within	Salivary cortisol	Mindfulness, somatic relaxation	Downregulate neg	Social evaluative	Negative	Healthy
Denson et al. (2009) [25]	48	Buffering, reactivity	Between (active), within	Salivary cortisol	Rumination (provocation-focused), rumination (self-focused), distraction	Downregulate neg	Provocation	Negative (anger)	Healthy
Denson et al. (2014), experiment 1 [24]	85	Buffering	Between (control), within	Salivary cortisol	Reappraisal	Downregulate neg	Social evaluative	Negative	Healthy
Denson et al. (2014), experiment 2 [24]	88	Buffering	Between (control), within	Salivary cortisol	Reappraisal	Downregulate neg	Pain	Negative	Healthy
Kane et al. (2018) [52]	66	Buffering	Between (control), within	Salivary cortisol	Expression	Downregulate neg	Social evaluative	Negative	Healthy
Kinner et al. (2014)[55]	72	Buffering	Between (active), within	Salivary cortisol	Reappraisal, distraction	Downregulate pos and neg, upregulate pos and neg	Visual	Positive, negative	Healthy
Kogler et al. (2015) [61]	40	Buffering, reactivity	Within	Salivary cortisol	Combination (suppression and reappraisal)	Downregulate neg	Performance	Negative	Healthy
Kuehner et al. (2009) [65]	58	Buffering, reactivity	Between (active), within	Salivary cortisol	Mindfulness, distraction, rumination	Downregulate neg	Combination (visual and auditory	Negative (sadness)	Healthy
Lemoult et al. (2014) [70]	97	Reactivity	Between (active), within	Salivary cortisol	Distraction, rumination	Downregulate neg	Social evaluative	Negative (sadness)	Both; a healthy group and a group with major depressive disorder
Mauersberger et al. (2018) [75]	145	Buffering,	Between (control & active), within	Salivary cortisol	Reappraial, suppression	Downregulate neg	Social evaluative	Negative	Healthy
Peters et al. (2016a) [88]	88	Buffering	Between (active), within	Salivary cortisol	Expression, suppression	Downregulate neg, upregulate neg	Visual	Negative	Healthy
Peters et al. (2016b) [87]	88	Buffering	Between (active), within	Salivary testosterone	Expression, suppression	Downregulate neg, upregulate neg	Visual	Negative	Healthy
Rozek et al. (2018) [96]	100	Buffering	Between (control), within	Salivary cortisol	Attention to current thoughts	Downregulate neg	Social evaluative	Negative	Healthy
Salzmann et al. (2018) [98]	71	Buffering	Between (active), within	Salivary cortisol	Gratitude, distraction, self-efficacy enhancement	Downregulate neg	Combination (social evaluative and pain)	Negative	Healthy
Shull et al. (2016) [104]	71	Buffering	Between (active), within	Salivary cortisol	Distraction. rumination	Downregulate neg	Social evaluative	Negative	Healthy
Zhan et al. (2017) [120]	60	Buffering; reactivity	Within	Salivary cortisol	Reappraisal	Downregulate neg	Social evaluative	Negative (anger)	Healthy
Zoccola et al. (2014) [122]	32	Buffering; reactivity	Between (active), within	Salivary cortisol	Distraction. rumination	Downregulate neg	Social evaluative	Negative	Healthy

Note: total N is based on the total sample for which hormonal outcomes were available.