Table 3.
Pooled effect sizes for within-group effects across outcomes and moderator variables.
| Sample size |
Heterogeneity |
Global Effect Sizes |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | K | N | Qa | df | p | I2 | Hedges’ gb | 95% CI | 95% PI | p |
| Regulating effect (reactivity to regulated reactivity) | ||||||||||
| Combined effect | 6 | 335 | 7.31 | 5 | .20 | 31.64 | 0.18 | 0.02; 0.35 | - | .03 |
| Type of strategy - Distraction - Rumination |
4 4 |
235 235 |
1.31 0.44 |
3 3 |
.73 .93 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.39 0.23 |
0.16; 0.62 0.03; 0.43 |
- - |
<.01 .02 |
| Context - Social evaluative |
3 |
189 |
7.02 |
2 |
.03 |
71.51 |
0.18 |
−0.26; 0.63 |
−4.96; 5.32 |
.42 |
| Type of goal - Down-regulate neg. |
6 | 335 | 7.31 | 5 | .20 | 31.64 | 0.18 | 0.02; 0.35 | - | .03 |
| Type of population - Healthy |
6 |
289 |
8.61 |
5 |
.13 |
41.90 |
0.20 |
0.02; 0.38 |
- |
.03 |
| Timing of measurement - 0–30 minutes after induction - 30+ minutes after induction |
4 3 |
206 138 |
3.39 0.49 |
3 2 |
.34 .78 |
11.40 0.00 |
0.05 0.35 |
−0.11; 0.20 0.17; 0.52 |
- - |
.55 <.01 |
Note: CI = confidence intervals, PI = prediction intervals. aFor the Q-statistic, p-values of < .10 are considered indicative of heterogeneity. bEffect sizes are reported as Hedges’ g (standardized mean differences, adjusted for small sample bias) and can be interpreted with reference to the guidelines: <0.3 = small, 0.5 = medium and >0.8 = large [17]. A positive effect size indicates a goal-consistent change in hormones from unregulated emotional response to regulated emotional response, while a negative effect size indicates the opposite. Adhering to the principle of independency between effects, effect sizes were combined when studies reported results for more than one measure. Thus, only one effect size per study was used in the analyses.