Table 1.
Nanobodies used for non-invasive preclinical and clinical imaging
| Target molecules | Stage | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer biomarkers | Human HER2 Human HER3 Human EGFR Human HGF Human CEA Human PSMA Human CD20 Human Mesothelin |
Preclinical and clinical Preclinical Preclinical Preclinical Preclinical Preclinical Preclinical Preclinical |
37, 38, 39, 40 41 42 43 44,45 46,47 48,49 50,51 |
| Immune markers | Murine class II MHC Human class II MHC Murine CD11b Murine CD8 Murine MMR (CD206) Human MMR Murine Clec4F Murine Vsig4 Murine CRIg |
Preclinical Preclinical Preclinical Preclinical Preclinical Preclinical Preclinical Preclinical Preclinical |
9,52 53 9,54 54,55 56,57 57, 58, 59 60 60 61 |
| Checkpoint markers | Murine PD-L1 Human PD-L1 Murine CTLA-4 Murine LAG-3 |
Preclinical Preclinical and clinical Preclinical Preclinical |
62,63 64, 65, 66 67 68 |
| Tumor extracellular matrix | Fibronectin EIII-B (human and murine) | Preclinical | 69 |
| Cardiovascular markers | VCAM1 (human and murine) Murine LOX-1 |
Preclinical Preclinical |
70 59,71 |
| Diabetes | Human DPP6 | Preclinical | 72 |
| Amyloidosis | Human β-amyloid Human gelsolin |
Preclinical Preclinical |
73 74 |
HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; HER3, human epidermal growth factor receptor 3; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; MMR, macrophage mannose receptor; Clec4F, C-type lectin domain family (Clec) 4 member F; Vsig4, V-set and Ig domain-containing 4; CRIg, complement receptor of the Ig superfamily; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; CTLA-4, cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen-4; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; LOX-1, lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1; DPP6, dipeptidyl peptidase-like 6.