Table 1.

Meditation Subtypes – reproduced with permission from Ref. [32]].

Attentional family	Constructive family	Deconstructive family
FA: ​Jhana practice (Theravada); breath counting (Zen); body awareness practices (Zen/Tibetan); Shamatha/calm abiding with support (Tibetan); mantra recitation (various traditions)	Relation orientation: ​loving-kindness and compassion (Theravada, Tibetan); Bodhichitta/Bodhisattva Vow (Tibetan/Zen); centering prayer (Christian); CCARE compassion cultivation training (clinical); cognitively-based compassion training-compassion component (clinical)	Object-oriented insight: ​mindfulness-based cognitive therapy – cognitive component (clinical); First and Second Foundations of Mindfulness (Theravada, Tibetan); Vipassana/insight (Theravada); analytical meditation (Tibetan); Koan practice (Zen)
OM (object-orientation): ​cultivation of attention (Greco-Roman philosophy); choiceless awareness (Tibetan); mindfulness-based stress reduction (clinical); dialectical behavior therapy-mindfulness component (clinical); mindfulness-based cognitive therapy-mindfulness component (clinical); acceptance and commitment therapy-mindfulness component (clinical)	Values orientation: ​The Six Recollections (Theravada); The Four Thoughts (Tibetan); contemplations of mortality (Theravada, Tibetan, Zen, Greco-Roman philosophy); well-being therapy (Clinical)	Subject-oriented insight: ​cognitive behavior therapy (Clinical); Third and Fourth Foundations of Mindfulness (Theravada, Tibetan); Mahamudra Analytical Meditation (Tibetan); Dzogchen Analytical Meditation (Tibetan); Koan practice (Zen)
OM (subject-orientation): ​Shamatha/calm abiding without support (Tibetan)	Perception orientation: ​development stage (Tibetan); meditation on foulness (Theravada)	Non-dual-oriented Insight: ​Muraqaba (Sufi); Mahamudra (Tibetan); Dzogchen (Tibetan); Shikantaza (Zen); Self-inquiry (Advaita Vedanta)

FA=Focused attention, OM ​= ​open monitoring.