Figure 2.

Engineering strategies to improve 1928ζ and 19BBζ chimeric antigen receptors (CARs).

(a) Approaches to overcome limitations of CD28ζ-based CAR T cells. (b) Strategies to improve functionality of BBz-based CAR T cells. Recent developments are focused on tuning strength of activation, reversing exhaustion, enhancing functional persistence, and combining features of both CAR prototypes by enhancing memory formation in 1928ζ CAR T cells and enhancing the effector function of 19BBζ CAR T cells.