Fig. 1.

Validation of acute stress induction – females and males. (a)Salivary cortisol levels throughout the experiment, (b) Area under the curve of cortisol levels (AUCi), (c) difference in subjective ratings of stress between post- and pre-manipulation, (d) difference in subjective ratings of anxiety between post- and pre-manipulation. Red and cyan represent the stress manipulation group and controls, respectively. The vertical lines represent the standard errors across participants. The time, in minutes, is relative to the manipulation onset, defined as 0. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)