TABLE 3.
Single-Arm Study Bias Risk
| Author, y | Bias Levels of Risk | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PTSD Measure | Confounding | Selection | Classification | Deviations | Missing Data | Measurement | Selection of Results | Overall | |
| Chopin, 2020 | PCL-5 | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Serious |
|
| |||||||||
| Cushing, 2018 | PCL-M | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Serious |
|
| |||||||||
| Justice, 2019 | PCL-5 | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Serious |
|
| |||||||||
| Shivakumar, 2017 | CAPS | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Serious |
|
| |||||||||
| PCL | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Serious | |
|
| |||||||||
| Staples, 2013 | PCL-M | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Serious |
|
| |||||||||
| Zaccari, 2020 | PCL-5 | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Serious |
Abbreviations: CAPS, Clinician Administered PTSD Scale; PCL-5, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; PCL-M, PTSD Checklist–Military Version; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.