TABLE 5.
HRs (95% CIs) for the 7 components of the 2018 WCRF/AICR score (0–7 points) and mortality outcomes by sex and smoking status1
| Smoking status | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males (n = 94,854) | Females (n = 82,556) | |||||
| Never (n = 34,381) | Former (n = 52,642) | Current (n = 7831) | Never (n = 40,520) | Former (n = 32,600) | Current (n = 9436) | |
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| Body weight | 0.74 (0.66–0.83) | 0.76 (0.70–0.82) | 1.06 (0.92 –1.22) | 0.69 (0.62–0.76) | 0.77 (0.69–0.85) | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) |
| Physical activity | 0.34 (0.30–0.39) | 0.39 (0.36–0.42) | 0.43 (0.38–0.49) | 0.36 (0.32–0.41) | 0.37 (0.33–0.41) | 0.37 (0.33–0.42) |
| Plant-based foods | 0.93 (0.80–1.09) | 0.78 (0.71–0.87) | 0.78 (0.65–0.94) | 1.02 (0.87–1.21) | 0.87 (0.74–1.02) | 0.68 (0.56–0.82) |
| Fast foods | 1.12 (1.01–1.24) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 1.12 (1.01– 1.23) | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) |
| Red and processed meat | 1.15 (1.01–1.32) | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 1.03 (0.84–1.27) | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 0.94 (0.83–1.06) | 0.90 (0.76–1.06) |
| Sugar-sweetened drinks | 1.00 (0.83–1.19) | 1.22 (1.09– 1.36) | 1.35 (1.11– 1.65) | 0.89 (0.75–1.05) | 0.93 (0.80–1.09) | 1.02 (0.83–1.24) |
| Alcohol | 1.06 (0.88–1.28) | 0.86 (0.77–0.96) | 0.75 (0.62–0.92) | 1.34 (1.12–1.62) | 1.12 (0.96–1.32) | 0.86 (0.71–1.05) |
| Cancer mortality | ||||||
| Body weight | 0.72 (0.58–0.90) | 0.84 (0.73–0.96) | 1.14 (0.90–1.44) | 0.68 (0.56–0.82) | 0.75 (0.63–0.90) | 1.04 (0.82–1.31) |
| Physical activity | 0.74 (0.55–0.99) | 0.84 (0.70–1.00) | 0.70 (0.54–0.90) | 0.66 (0.52–0.85) | 0.71 (0.57–0.88) | 0.55 (0.44–0.70) |
| Plant-based foods | 0.98 (0.73–1.33) | 0.75 (0.63–0.89) | 0.79 (0.59–1.06) | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) | 0.62 (0.45–0.87) |
| Fast foods | 1.01 (0.83–1.21) | 0.78 (0.65–0.93) | 1.26 (0.90–1.75) | 0.91 (0.72–1.14) | 0.89 (0.72–1.10) | 1.32 (1.07–1.63) |
| Red and processed meat | 0.95 (0.74–1.24) | 0.83 (0.73–0.94) | 1.09 (0.83–1.43) | 0.92 (0.76–1.11) | 0.90 (0.75–1.07) | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) |
| Sugar-sweetened drinks | 1.21 (0.87–1.68) | 1.35 (1.11– 1.64) | 1.65 (1.20– 2.26) | 0.80 (0.59–1.08) | 0.99 (0.75–1.31) | 1.09 (0.77–1.54) |
| Alcohol | 0.93 (0.65–1.33) | 0.81 (0.66–0.98) | 0.72 (0.52–0.996) | 1.40 (1.00–1.95) | 1.04 (0.79–1.38) | 0.72 (0.51–0.997) |
| CVD mortality | ||||||
| Body weight | 0.56 (0.46–0.69) | 0.52 (0.45–0.61) | 0.90 (0.67–1.21) | 0.71 (0.58–0.87) | 0.63 (0.51–0.78) | 0.82 (0.61 –1.11) |
| Physical activity | 0.32 (0.26–0.39) | 0.39 (0.34–0.46) | 0.39 (0.30–0.51) | 0.34 (0.28–0.42) | 0.30 (0.24–0.36) | 0.35 (0.26–0.45) |
| Plant-based foods | 1.06 (0.80–1.41) | 0.95 (0.79–1.16) | 0.72 (0.50–1.05) | 0.94 (0.68–1.29) | 0.84 (0.61–1.16) | 0.82 (0.53–1.27) |
| Fast foods | 1.19 (1.00–1.42) | 1.19 (1.05– 1.35) | 1.30 (1.01– 1.67) | 1.11 (0.91–1.34) | 1.01 (0.83–1.23) | 0.98 (0.75–1.29) |
| Red and processed meat | 1.27 (1.00– 1.61) | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 1.03 (0.67–1.58) | 0.86 (0.68–1.09) | 1.13 (0.88–1.45) | 0.86 (0.60–1.23) |
| Sugar-sweetened drinks | 0.88 (0.64–1.22) | 1.08 (0.88–1.34) | 0.93 (0.61–1.42) | 1.04 (0.76–1.42) | 1.07 (0.77–1.46) | 0.94 (0.60–1.46) |
| Alcohol | 1.39 (0.99–1.96) | 0.85 (0.69–1.05) | 0.54 (0.36–0.82) | 1.30 (0.92–1.85) | 1.00 (0.72–1.38) | 1.02 (0.66–1.56) |
n = 177,410. Attained person-years as the underlying time metric; the mean follow-up time for all participants was 14.2 y. Components are examined on a continuous scale (i.e., per 0.25- or 0.5-point increase depending on the component); multivariate models adjusted for age, race/ethnicity (White, other), marital status (married, other), education (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, college graduate), total energy (continuous), hormone replacement therapy (females only: never, former, current), diabetes (yes/no), and the other 6 score components (i.e., subtracting the component being examined from the total score) and aforementioned covariates. AICR, American Institute for Cancer Research; CVD, cardiovascular disease; WCRF, World Cancer Research Fund.