Table 3.

Synthetic routes for synthesis of medium chain triglycerides

Reaction	Substrate	Catalyst/enzyme	Reaction temp (°C) and time	Intensification approach	Yield (%)	References
Esterification	Caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid and glycerol	Tungsten oxide, calcium oxide, tungsten chloride	160–180 °C in 22–24 h	Conventional reaction	90–93%	Boulos (2013)
	Caprylic acid and glycerol	Amberlyst-15	80 °C in 16 min	Microwave assisted synthesis	99.7%	Jadhav and Annapure (2021a)
	Lauric acid and glycerol	Sulphuric acid	90 °C in 300 min	Ultrasound assisted synthesis	77.8%	Mohod and Gogate (2018)
	Lauric acid and glycerol	Sulphuric acid	90 °C in 1. 20 min 2. 120 min 3. 180 min	1.Microwave assisted 2.Ultrasound assisted 3.Conventional synthesis	1. 99.7% 2. 97.5% 3. 40%	Mohod and Gogate (2017)
	Caprylic acid (60.35%), Capric acid (38.11%), lauric acid (1.15%) and glycerol	Sulphuric acid	90 °C in 300 min	Ultrasound assisted synthesis	98.5%	Deshmane et al. (2008)
	Caprylic acid and glycerol	Sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, PTSA, Sodium methoxide	170 °C in 9 h	Ultrasound assisted synthesis (More et al. 2017a)	96.6%	More et al. (2017a)
	Capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid and glycerol	Immobilized lipase (Lipozyme IM 20)	60–90 °C in 26 h	Conventional synthesis	50%-Tricaprin 70%- Trilaurin 70%-Trimyristin	Langone and Sant’Anna (2002); Langone et al. (2002)
	Caprylic acid and glycerol	Novozyme 435, Lipozyme IM RM	50 °C in 6 h	Supercritical CO2 Technology	97.3%	More et al. (2018)
	Caprylic acid and glycerol	Novozyme 435 and Lipozyme RM IM	50 °C in 7 h	Ultrasound assisted synthesis	94.8%	More et al. (2017b)
Interesterification	Medium chain triglycerides and soyabean oil	Lipozyme 435	90 °C in 300 min	Conventional synthesis	74.9%	Lu et al. (2017)
	Coconut oil	Potassium methoxide	40–60 °C in 12 h	Conventional synthesis	24%	Nugrahini and Soerawidjaja (2015)