Table 4.
Factors associated with utilization of all ANC components as per RDHS 2019–20
| Characteristics | ANC quality Crude odds ratio cOR (95% CI) |
P-value | ANC quality Adjusted model aOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| 35 to 49 | 1 | 1 | |
| 20 to 34 | 2.13 (1.78–2.56) | < 0.001 | 1.04 (0.82–1.30) |
| 15 to 19 | 2.54 (1.52–4.26) | < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.46–1.40) |
| Education Level | |||
| No Education | 1 | 1 | |
| Primary Education | 1.13 (0.86–1.48) | 0.383 | 0.76 (0.56–1.02) |
| Secondary Education | 2.01 (1.49–2.70) | < 0.001 | 0.90 (0.62–1.28) |
| Tertiary | 1.95 (1.31–2.88) | 0.001 | 0.93 (0.53–1.62) |
| Exposure to newspapers/magazines | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | |
| Less than once a week | 1.40 (1.07–1.82) | < 0.001 | 1.13 (0.86–1.48) |
| At least once a week | 1.93 (1.46–2.54) | 0.014 | 1.48 (1.09–2.02) |
| Exposure to radio | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | |
| Less than once a week | 1.30 (1.01–1.67) | 0.047 | 1.18 (0.90–1.56) |
| At least once a week | 1.31 (1.07–1.60) | 0.009 | 0.97 (0.77–1.23) |
| Exposure to TV | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | |
| Less than once a week | 1.21 (0.99–1.47) | 0.065 | 1.05 (0.84–1.30) |
| At least once a week | 1.36 (1.10–1.70) | 0.007 | 1.35 (0.99–1.85) |
| Internet access | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.52 (1.25–1.86) | < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.58–1.11) |
| Parity | |||
| 5 and above | 1 | 1 | |
| 2–4 | 3.53 (2.44–5.12) | < 0.001 | 2.65 (1.74–4.02) |
| Less than 2 | 8.42 (5.80–12.23) | < 0.001 | 6.04 (3.82–9.57) |
| Marital | |||
| Not married | 1 | 1 | |
| Married | 0.76 (0.62–0.92) | 0.005 | 0.86 (0.69–1.06) |
| Has health insurance | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.41 (1.14–1.74) | 0.001 | 1.02 (0.81–1.29) |
| Visited by a fieldworker | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.49 (1.25–1.78) | < 0.001 | 1.47 (1.23–1.76) |
| Working status | |||
| Not working | 1 | 1 | |
| Working | 0.70 (0.59–0.83) | < 0.001 | 0.79 (0.66–0.95) |
| Permission to access healthcare | |||
| Big problem | 1 | - | |
| Not big problem | 1.23 (0.81–1.87) | 0.334 | - |
| Distance to health facility | |||
| Big problem | 1 | 1 | |
| Not big problem | 1.37 (1.11–1.70) | 0.004 | 1.21 (0.96–1.53) |
| Residence | |||
| Rural | 1 | 1 | |
| Urban | 1.21 (1.01–1.45) | 0.039 | 1.10 (0.85–1.41) |
| Region | |||
| North | 1 | 1 | |
| East | 0.84 (0.61–1.17) | 0.300 | 0.83 (0.59–1.15) |
| West | 0.90 (0.67–1.21) | 0.483 | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) |
| South | 1.19 (0.90–1.57) | 0.224 | 1.10 (0.83–1.47) |
| Kigali | 1.01 (0.74–1.38) | 0.955 | 0.84 (0.59–1.20) |
| Household Size | |||
| 6 and above | 1 | 1 | |
| Less than 6 | 2.12 (1.77–2.53) | < 0.001 | 1.34 (1.10–1.63) |
| Wealth Index | |||
| Poorest | 1 | 1 | |
| Poorer | 1.09 (0.85–1.40) | 0.519 | 1.07 (0.82–1.41) |
| Middle | 0.96 (0.73–1.25) | 0.738 | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) |
| Richer | 1.41 (1.10–1.81) | 0.007 | 1.23 (0.93–1.63) |
| Richest | 1.26 (0.98–1.61) | 0.068 | 0.88 (0.59–1.30) |
| ANC timing | |||
| After first trimester | 1 | 1 | |
| Within first trimester | 2.09 (1.76–2.48) | < 0.001 | 1.45 (1.18–1.79) |
| ANC frequency | |||
| Less than 4 | 1 | 1 | |
| 4 and above | 2.09 (1.77–2.46) | < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.25–1.85) |
| ANC facility | |||
| Private | 1 | 1 | |
| Public | 2.28 (1.43–3.62) | 0.001 | 1.65 (0.99–2.75) |
Bold: significant at < 0.05, adjusted analysis for age, education level, exposure to newspapers, radio and TV, internet access, parity, marital status, health insurance, visited by field health worker, working status, distance to health facility, residence, region, household size, wealth index, ANC timing, frequency and facility