Table 4.
ANCOVAa models’ estimated intervention effects, mean scores, and differences.
| Intervention LSb means and SEs | Differences from control intervention | |||||
| Outcome by intervention | F statistic P valuec | LS mean (SE)c | LS mean (SE) | Adjusted P valued | ||
| Recognition of rhetorical strategies (“Recognize”) | ||||||
|
|
Intervention effect | <.001 | N/Ae | N/A | N/A | |
|
|
Control | N/A | 3.67 (0.09) | N/A | N/A | |
|
|
Narrative | N/A | 3.98 (0.09) | 0.31 (0.11) | .01 | |
|
|
Fact | N/A | 4.10 (0.09) | 0.43 (0.10) | <.001 | |
|
|
Hybrid | N/A | 4.14 (0.09) | 0.47 (0.10) | <.001 | |
| Willingness to share misinformation content (“Share”) | ||||||
|
|
Intervention effect | .017 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
|
|
Control | N/A | 4.11 (0.08) | N/A | N/A | |
|
|
Narrative | N/A | 3.90 (0.07) | –0.21(0.09) | .03 | |
|
|
Fact | N/A | 3.90 (0.07) | –0.22 (0.09) | .022 | |
|
|
Hybrid | N/A | 3.89 (0.07) | –0.22 (0.09) | .019 | |
| Willingness to get vaccinated (“Willingness”) | ||||||
|
|
Intervention effect | .006 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
|
|
Control | N/A | 2.77 (0.09) | N/A | N/A | |
|
|
Narrative | N/A | 3.05 (0.09) | 0.28 (0.10) | .012 | |
|
|
Fact | N/A | 3.05 (0.09) | 0.28 (0.10) | .011 | |
|
|
Hybrid | N/A | 3.05 (0.09) | 0.28 (0.10) | .01 | |
aANCOVA: analysis of covariance.
bLS: least squares.
cF statistic, LS mean, and SE were obtained from an ANCOVA model for each outcome, with the intervention group as the main effect and adjusting for age, gender, race, education, income, and scores from 2 scales of general attitudes toward vaccines.
dP value adjusted for multiple comparisons between controls and intervention groups using the Dunnett test after finding a significant main effect for intervention.
eN/A: not applicable.