Table 4.

Comparison of frequently used commercially available diagnostic approaches for hantavirus disease

Diagnostic test	Antigen type/hantavirus detected	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	Comments	References
ELISA	DOBVHTNVPUUVSEOVANDVSNV	95–97	94–99	Combination of IgG test and IgM capture test is recommended	[224, 225]
IFA	DOBVHTNVPUUV	98	91	Used as a confirmation test in Europe	[227]
Immunoblot assay	DOBVHTNVPUUVSEOV	96	100	Used as a confirmation test in Europe	[226]
Rapid immunochromatographic IgM antibody tests	DOBVHTNVPUUVSNV	80–93	96	Point-of-care test	[228, 229]
(Real-time)-PCR	Facilitates sequencing of the viral genome and the detection of novel hantaviruses	92–98	80–98	Time to test positivity <24 h Only useful in early viremic stage of infection	[265, 266]