Table 6.

Summary of potential antiviral approaches for hantavirus disease tested in humans

Drug	Known /putative target	Purpose	Virus	Number of patients	Outcome/ comments	References
Murine monoclonal antibodies	Gc/Gn	Blocking viral entry	n.a.	22	Safety in a phase I trial examined, proof of efficacy lacking	[261]
Human immune plasma	Gc / Gn	Blocking viral entry	ANDV	32	Safe and efficient with a 50% reduction in case fatalities in an uncontrolled clinical trial	[267]
Icatibant	Bradykinin receptor 2	Improving vascular function	PUUV	Case reports	Clinical trials apart from case reports lacking	[110–112]
Methylprednisolone	Immunotherapy	Rebuilding immune homeostasis	ANDV	66	No beneficial effect reported	[204]
Ribavirin	RdRp	Inhibiting viral replication	ANDV, HTNV, PUUV	547	Efficient in HTNV, inefficient and unsafe in PUUV and ANDV (see Table 5)	[252, 254, 258, 259]

Gc: C-glycoprotein; Gn: N-glycoprotein; n.a.: not applicable.