Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and treatments in the prevalent CKD population at the index date
| Characteristics | Only CKD [n = 46.786 (84.8%)] | HF and CKD [n = 8.391 (15.2%)] | P-value (HF and CKD versus CKD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biodemographic data | |||
| Age (years) | 75.8 ± 14.4 | 79.4 ± 10.9 | <0.001 |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 24 493 (52.4) | 4 237 (50.5) | <0.001 |
| Physical examination | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 131.3 ± 19.2 | 133.9 ± 20.5 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 84.6 ± 7.3 | 83.7 ± 6.9 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) BMI >30 kg/m2, n (%) |
28.2 ± 4.9 10 941 (23.4) |
28.9 ± 5.2 2013 (24.0) |
<0.001 0.332 |
| Laboratory data | |||
| HbA1c (%) <7%, n (%) 7–<8%, n (%) 8–<9%, n (%) ≥9%, n (%) |
7.0 ± 1.9 24 256 (51.8) 7733 (16.5) 4056 (8.7) 3439 (7.4) |
7.7 ± 2.0 4256 (50.7) 1680 (20.0) 867 (10.3) 769 (9.2) |
<0.001 0.177 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 51.4 ± 10.1 | 46.4 ± 9.8 | <0.001 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 329.1 ± 145.3 | 361.2 ± 148.5 | <0.001 |
| Median (25th–75th percentile) | 276.4 (159.7–384.9) | 280.0 (130.3–444.1) | |
| <30 mg/g (stage 1), n (%) | 255 (0.5) | 366 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| 30–300 mg/g (stage 2), n (%) | 29 234 (62.5) | 4077 (48.6) | <0.001 |
| >300 mg/g (stage 3), n (%) | 17 297 (37.0) | 3948 (47.1) | <0.001 |
| Serum potassium (mmol/L) | 5.2 ± 1.5 | 5.7 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | – | 43.4 ± 10.1 | – |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| CVD | 14 578 (31.2) | 5180 (61.7) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 3480 (7.4) | 1030 (12.3) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 5861 (12.5) | 2154 (25.7) | <0.001 |
| PAD | 2303 (4.9) | 564 (6.7) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 5630 (12.0) | 2970 (35.4) | <0.001 |
| HF | – | 8391 (100) | – |
| HFrEF | – | 4465 (53.2) | – |
| HFpEF | – | 3926 (46.8) | – |
| CKD | 46 786 (100) | 8391 (100) | 0.908 |
| Stage 1 | 1370 (2.9) | 977 (11.6) | <0.001 |
| Stage 2 | 8403 (18.0) | 1584 (18.9) | 0.192 |
| Stage 3a | 15 578 (33.3) | 1753 (20.9) | <0.001 |
| Stage 3b | 12 266 (26.2) | 1961 (23.4) | <0.001 |
| Stage 4 | 3389 (7.2) | 1127 (13.4) | <0.001 |
| Stage 5 | 2433 (5.2) | 296 (3.5) | <0.001 |
| T2D | 22 229 (47.5) | 5034 (60.0) | <0.001 |
| Hyperkalaemia | 15 252 (32.6) | 3104 (37.0) | <0.001 |
| Medications, n (%) | |||
| CVD risk treatment | 38 116 (81.5) | 8391 (100) | - |
| Antihypertensives | 41 869 (89.5) | 7960 (94.9) | <0.001 |
| ACEi | 15 754 (33.7) | 2716 (32.4) | <0.001 |
| ARB | 19 377 (41.4) | 3548 (42.3) | 0.246 |
| ARNI | 0 | 743 (8.9) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blocker | 22 854 (48.8) | 5998 (71.5) | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretic | 22 499 (48.1) | 5978 (71.2) | <0.001 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 3133 (6.7) | 2781 (33.1) | <0.001 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 2536 (5.4) | 658 (7.8) | <0.001 |
| Thiazide diuretic | 15 018 (32.1) | 3037 (36.2) | <0.001 |
| Antidiabetics | 17 456 (37.3) | 3571 (42.6) | <0.001 |
| Metformin | 12 806 (27.4) | 2021 (24.1) | <0.001 |
| Sulfonylurea | 3799 (8.1) | 969 (11.5) | <0.001 |
| DPP4 inhibitor | 5025 (10.7) | 962 (11.5) | 0.285 |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | 1700 (3.6) | 333 (4.0) | 0.75 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist | 1108 (2.4) | 221 (2.6) | 0.786 |
| Metiglinides | 1401 (3.0) | 375 (4.5) | <0.001 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 115 (0.2) | 27 (0.3) | 0.962 |
| Acarbose | 98 (0.2) | 20 (0.2) | 0.711 |
| Insulin | 5194 (11.1) | 1255 (15.0) | <0.001 |
| Statins | 20 714 (44.3) | 5327 (63.5) | <0.001 |
| Digoxin | 378 (0.8) | 524 (6.2) | <0.001 |
| Warfarin/acenocoumarola | 4176 (8.9) | 1887 (22.5) | <0.001 |
| Low-dose aspirin | 11 245 (24.0) | 2518 (30.0) | <0.001 |
| Receptor P2Y12 antagonist | 3459 (7.4) | 880 (10.5) | <0.001 |
Values presented as mean ± standard deviation unless stated otherwise. ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor and neprilysin inhibition; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; PAD, peripheral artery disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; hyperkalaemia, serum potassium >5.5 mmol/L.
aUse of direct oral anticoagulants was not collected.