Table 3.
Clinical characteristics and treatments in the incident CKD population at baseline in the overall population and according to T2D and HF status
| T2D status | HF status | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Non-T2D [n = 1216 (52.40%)] | T2D [n = 1105 (47.60%)] | P-value (T2D versus no T2D) | Non-HF [n = 1594 (68.7%)] | HF [n = 727 (31.3%)] | P-value (HF versus no HF) | Total [N = 2321 (100%)] |
| Biodemographic data | |||||||
| Age (years) | 65.0 ± 23.4 | 64.8 ± 23.5 | 0.837 | 63.8 ± 23.5 | 66.3 ± 23.2 | <0.001 | 64.9 ± 23.4 |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 614 (50.5) | 603 (54.6) | <0.001 | 832 (52.2) | 385 (53.0) | 0.720 | 1217 (52.4) |
| Physical examination | |||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129.8 ± 20.7 | 131.8 ± 19.3 | 0.016 | 129.7 ± 20.1 | 131.2 ± 19.6 | 0.093 | 130.8 ± 19.7 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 83.9 ± 7 | 84.5 ± 7 | 0.039 | 84.2 ± 7.0 | 84.6 ± 7.1 | 0.204 | 84.3 ± 7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29 ± 5 | 27.7 ± 5.1 | 0.001 | 27.8 ± 5.2 | 29.7 ± 5.2 | <0.001 | 28.7 ± 5 |
| Laboratory data | |||||||
| HbA1c (%) <7%, n (%) 7–<8%, n (%) 8–<9%, n (%) ≥9%, n (%) |
6.2 ± 1.8 834 (68.6) 10 (0.8) 3 (0.2) 2 (0.2) |
7.7 ± 1.8 401 (36.3) 344 (31.1) 215 (19.5) 145 (13.1) |
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 |
6.8 ± 1.7 852 (53.5) 239 (15.0) 140 (8.8) 97 (6.1) |
7.0 ± 1.7 383 (52.7) 115 (15.8) 78 (10.7) 50 (6.9) |
0.001 0.720 0.619 0146 0.437 |
6.9 ± 1.7 1235 (53.2) 354 (15.3) 218 (9.4) 147 (6.3) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 60.7 ± 18.9 | 60.5 ± 20.2 | 0.436 | 60.6 ± 20.5 | |||
| UACR (mg/g) | 298.1 ± 155 | 381.9 ± 198.6 | <0.001 | 305.4 ± 169.2 | 330.1 ± 167.5 | 0.001 | 317.7 ± 168.4 |
| UACR (mg/g), median (IQR) | 261 (148.3–372.4) | 295.3 (142.3–438.6) | 255.6 (153.8–376.5) | ||||
| <30 mg/g (stage 1), n (%) | 7 (0.6) | 2 (0.2) | 0.971 | 6 (0.4) | 3 (0.4) | 0.999 | 9 (0.4) |
| 30–300 mg/g (stage 2), n (%) | 838 (68.9) | 585 (52.9) | <0.001 | 976 (58.3) | 447 (61.5) | 0.146 | 1423 (61.3) |
| >300 mg/g (stage 3), n (%) | 371 (30.5) | 518 (46.9) | <0.001 | 612 (35.7) | 277 (38.1) | 0.265 | 889 (38.3) |
| Serum potassium, (mmol/L) | 5.2 ± 1.5 | 5.3 ± 1.5 | 0.532 | 4.8 ± 1.7 | 5.3 ± 1.8 | <0.001 | 5.0 ± 1.4 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 44.1 ± 12.8 | 42.6 ± 12.4 | – | 43.5 ± 12.2 | – | 43.5 ± 12.2 | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||
| CVD | 159 (13.1) | 220 (19.9) | <0.001 | 178 (11.2) | 201 (27.6) | <0.001 | 379 (16.3) |
| Stroke | 95 (7.8) | 111 (10.0) | 0.054 | 91 (5.7) | 115 (15.8) | <0.001 | 206 (8.9) |
| Myocardial infarction | 122 (10.0) | 162 (14.7) | <0.001 | 136 (8.5) | 148 (20.4) | <0.001 | 284 (12.2) |
| PAD | 43 (3.5) | 56 (5.1) | 0.081 | 64 (4.0) | 35 (4.8) | 0.376 | 99 (4.3) |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 164 (13.5) | 151 (13.7) | 0.97 | 151 (9.5) | 164 (22.6) | <0.001 | 315 (13.6) |
| Heart failure | 354 (29.1) | 373 (33.8) | <0.001 | 0 | 727 (100) | – | 727 (31.2) |
| HFrEF | 180 (14.8) | 192 (17.4) | <0.001 | 0 | 372 (51.2) | – | 372 (16.0) |
| HFpEF | 174 (14.3) | 181 (16.4) | 0.23 | 0 | 355 (48.8) | – | 355 (15.3) |
| T2D | 48 (3.9) | 1105 (100) | – | 783 (49.1) | 370 (50.9) | 0.421 | 1153 (49.7) |
| Hyperkalaemia (potassium >5.5 mmol/L) | 318 (26.6) | 299 (27.1) | 0.786 | 420 (26.3) | 197 (27.1) | 0.686 | 617 (26.6) |
| Medications, n (%) | |||||||
| Antihypertensive medication | 725 (59.6) | 827 (74.8) | <0.001 | 973 (61.0) | 579 (79.6) | <0.001 | 1552 (66.9) |
| RASi | 633 (52.1) | 775 (70.1) | <0.001 | 920 (57.7) | 488 (67.1) | <0.001 | 1408 (60.7) |
| ACEi | 311 (25.6) | 294 (26.6) | 0.309 | 383 (24.0) | 222 (30.5) | 0.002 | 605 (26.1) |
| ACEi at maximal dose | 15 (1.2) | 23 (2.1) | 0.623 | 24 (1.5) | 14 (1.9) | 0.367 | 38 (1.6) |
| ARB | 347 (28.5) | 516 (46.7) | <0.001 | 564 (35.4) | 299 (41.1) | 0008 | 863 (37.2) |
| ARB at maximal dose | 18 (1.5) | 23 (2.1) | 0.818 | 26 (1.6) | 15 (2.1) | 0.395 | 41 (1.8) |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 49 (4.0) | 67 (6.1) | 0.265 | 77 (4.8) | 39 (5.4) | 0.538 | 116 (5.0) |
| Direct renin inhibitor | 3 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 0.84 | 3 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 0.586 | 4 (0.2) |
| ARNI | 51 (4.2) | 67 (6.1) | 0.059 | 78 (4.9) | 40 (5.5) | 0.542 | 118 (5.1) |
| Beta-blocker | 342 (28.1) | 363 (32.9) | <0.001 | 456 (28.6) | 249 (34.3) | 0.001 | 705 (30.4) |
| Diuretics | 376 (30.9) | 397 (35.9) | <0.001 | 484 (30.4) | 289 (39.8) | 0.001 | 773 (33.3) |
| Thiazide diuretic | 257 (21.1) | 239 (21.6) | 0.769 | 332 (20.8) | 164 (22.6) | 0.224 | 496 (21.4) |
| Loop diuretic | 311 (25.6) | 365 (33.0) | <0.001 | 433 (27.2) | 243 (33.4) | 0.002 | 676 (29.1) |
| Potassium-sparing diuretic | 57 (4.7) | 68 (6.2) | 0.18 | 79 (5.0) | 46 (6.3) | 0.199 | 125 (5.4) |
| Calcium channel blocker | 301 (24.8) | 312 (28.2) | <0.001 | 384 (24.1) | 229 (31.5) | <0.001 | 613 (26.4) |
| Dihydropyridines | 289 (23.8) | 262 (23.7) | 0.963 | 345 (21.6) | 206 (28.3) | <0.001 | 551 (23.7) |
| Non-dihydropyridines | 22 (1.8) | 26 (2.4) | 0.982 | 30 (1.9) | 18 (2.5) | 0.348 | 48 (2.1) |
| Antidiabetics | 11 (0.9) | 957 (86.6) | <0.001 | 607 (38.1) | 361 (49.7) | <0.001 | 968 (41.7) |
| Metformin | 0 | 602 (54.5) | – | 385 (24.2) | 217 (29.8) | 0.004 | 602 (25.9) |
| Sulfonylurea | 0 | 108 (9.8) | – | 69 (4.3) | 39 (5.4) | 0.243 | 108 (4.7) |
| DPP4 inhibitor | 0 | 348 (31.5) | – | 225 (14.1) | 123 (16.9) | 0.079 | 348 (15.0) |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | 0 | 31 (2.8) | – | 20 (1.3) | 11 (1.5) | 0.699 | 31 (1.3) |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist | 0 | 28 (2.5) | – | 18 (1.1) | 10 (1.4) | 0.537 | 28 (1.2) |
| Metiglinides | 0 | 123 (11.1) | – | 81 (5.1) | 42 (5.8) | 0.486 | 123 (5.3) |
| Glitazones | 0 | 14 (1.3) | – | 9 (0.6) | 5 (0.7) | 0.778 | 14 (0.6) |
| Acarbose | 0 | 19 (1.7) | – | 12 (0.8) | 7 (1.0) | 0.629 | 19 (0.8) |
| Insulin | 11 (0.9) | 184 (16.7) | <0.001 | 123 (7.7) | 72 (9.9) | 0.076 | 195 (8.4) |
| Statins | 506 (41.6) | 491 (44.4) | <0.001 | 625 (39.2) | 372 (512) | <0.001 | 997 (43.0) |
| Warfarin/acenocoumarola | 131 (10.8) | 121 (11.0) | 0.992 | 161 (10.1) | 91 (12.5) | 0.085 | 252 (10.9) |
| Low-dose aspirin | 237 (19.5) | 274 (24.8) | <0.001 | 334 (21.0) | 177 (24.3) | 0.075 | 511 (22.0) |
| Receptor P2Y12 antagonist | 45 (3.7) | 75 (6.8) | <0.001 | 76 (4.8) | 44 (6.1) | 0.191 | 120 (5.2) |
Values presented as mean ± standard deviation unless stated otherwise. ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor and neprilysin inhibition; BMI, body mass index; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; PAD, peripheral artery disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; hyperkalaemia, serum potassium >5.5 mmol/L.
aUse of direct oral anticoagulants was not collected