Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of the DKD and HV groups
| Variable | HVs (n = 20) | Stage G3 (n = 16) | Stages G4/G5 (n = 20) | Stages G3‒G5 (n = 36) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66.7 (6.2) | 68.9 (5.6) | 68.3 (5.6) | 68.6 (5.5) |
| Ethnicity (Caucasian), n (%) | 20 (100) | 16 (100) | 18 (90) | 34 (94) |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 15 (75) | 12 (75) | 18 (90) | 30 (83) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 (3.1) | 28 (3.3) | 27.8 (3.0) | 27.9 (3.1) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133 (12) | 147 (21) | 153 (22) | 150 (21) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.4 (7.3) | 80.1 (9.4) | 78 (7.9) | 78.9 (8.5) |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 145 (12.0) | 134 (11.6) | 133.2 (16.1) | 134 (14.1) |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 82 (12) | 135 (29) | 230 (54) | 188 (65) |
| UACR ratio (mg/mmol) | 1.2 (0.7) | 34.1 (44.3) | 85 (81.0) | 62.4 (71.1) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 79.1 (7.2) | 45.3 (10.7) | 25 (5.6) | 34 (13.1) |
| mGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 81.5 (9.2) | 40.4 (6.7) | 21.8 (4.7) | 30.1 (10.9) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 35.6 (3.3) | 54.2 (11.6) | 62.2 (14.1) | 58.6 (13.5) |
| Use of RAAS blockers, n (%) | 0.0 (0) | 12 (75) | 14 (70) | 26 (72) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0.0 (0) | 14 (88) | 20 (100) | 34 (94) |
Data are presented as mean (SD) unless stated otherwise. RAAS: renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. GFR stages were stratified by mGFR.