Table 13.3.
List of treatments, drugs, and vaccines for COVID-19 under clinical trials.
| S. No. | Type of product—treatment | FDA approval, year | Molecular target | Clinical trials for COVID-19 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatments | |||||
| 1 | Avastin (bevacizumab) | Yes, 2004 as anticancer agent (antibody) | Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFR) inhibitor | NCT04275414, NCT04305106 | |
| 2 | Programmed cell death protein 1 blocking (PD-1) antibody and thymosin | No | --- | NCT04268537, ChiCTR2000030028 | |
| 3 | AiRuiKa (camrelizumab) in combination with PD-1 antibody | No | -- | ChiCTR2000029806 | |
| 4 | Kevzara (sarilumab), interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor antagonist | Yes, 2017, against rheumatoid arthritis (antibody) | -- | NCT04315298 | |
| 5 | Actemra (tocilizumab), antibody | Yes, 2010, against cytokine release syndrome (systemic inflammatory response), arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis | Antagonist of IL-6 receptor | NCT04317092, NCT04320615, NCT04310228, ChiCTR2000030894, NCT04306705, ChiCTR2000030442, ChiCTR2000029765 | |
| 6 | Convalescent plasma means blood plasma collected from patients recovered from COVID | No | -- | NCT04321421, NCT04292340 | |
| Antivirals | |||||
| 7 | Favilavir or favipiravir | No, but used in Japan as antiviral for influenza | Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor | NCT04303299, NCT04310228, ChiCTR2000029548, ChiCTR2000029496, ChiCTR2000029544 | |
| 8 | Lopinavir and ritonavir in combination | Yes, 2000, as anti-HIV agent | -- | NCT04303299, NCT04255017, ChiCTR2000029548, R2000029539, NCT04307693, NCT04315948, NCT04252885 | |
| 9 | Remdesivir | No | -- | NCT04257656, NCT04252664, NCT04292730, NCT04292899, NCT04280705, NCT04315948 | |
| 10 | Darunavir | Yes, 2015, as anti-HIV agent infection | Protease inhibitor | ChiCTR2000029541, NCT04252274, NCT04303299, NCT04304053 | |
| 11 | Lopinavir, ebastine with interferon alpha | No | -- | ChiCTR2000030535 | |
| 12 | Ritonavir, danoprevir with interferon alpha | No, but approved in China | Hepatitis C virus serine protease inhibitor | NCT04291729 | |
| 13 | ASC09 | No | HIV protease inhibitor | NCT04261907 | |
| 14 | Emtricitabine and tenofovir | Yes, 2004, against HIV-1 infection | HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor | ChiCTR2000029468 | |
| 15 | Umifenovir | No, but approved against influenza virus in Russia and China | Virus membrane fusion inhibitor | NCT04252885 | |
| 16 | Baloxavir marboxil | Yes, 2018, against influenza | Polymerase acidic endonuclease inhibitor | ChiCTR2000029544 | |
| 17 | Azvudine | No | Antiviral drug (reverse transcriptase inhibitor) | ChiCTR2000030487, ChiCTR2000030424, ChiCTR2000029853 | |
| Cell-based therapies | |||||
| 18 | Mesenchymal stem cells | No | ChiCTR2000029990, NCT04315987, NCT04302519, NCT04288102, NCT04313322, NCT04273646, | ||
| Others | |||||
| 19 | Methylprednisolone | Yes, 1955, as antiinflammatory agents | Corticosteroids | NCT04244591, NCT04263402, NCT04273321, ChiCTR2000029656, ChiCTR2000029386 | |
| 20 | Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine | Yes, 1949, as antimalarial drug | Inhibits hemozoin polymerization | NCT04261517, NCT04303507, NCT04303299, NCT04304053, NCT04307693, NCT04316377, NCT04315948 | |
| 21 | Camostat mesylate | No, but approved in Japan against various ailments | Serine protease inhibitor | NCT04321096 | |
| 22 | Ruxolitinib | Yes, 2011, for the treatment of myelofibrosis, in 2014 for treatment of polycythemia vera | Janus kinase inhibitor | ChiCTR2000029580 | |
| 23 | Novaferon also termed as nova interferon | No, but approved for hepatitis B infection in China | Recombinant artificial designed antitumor and antiviral protein interferon | ChiCTR2000029573, ChiCTR2000029496 | |
| 24 | Fingolimod | Yes, 2010, for multiple sclerosis | Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator | NCT04280588 | |
| 25 | Rebif (interferon beta-1a) | No | -- | EudraCT 2020-000936-23, NCT04315948 | |
| 26 | Losartan | Yes, 1995, as antihypertensive | Angiotensin II receptor 1 1 (AT1) competitive inhibitor | NCT04312009, NCT04311177 | |
| 27 | Leukine (sargramostim, rhu granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) | No | -- | NCT04326920 | |
| Dormant/discontinued | |||||
| 28 | Washed microbiota Transplantation |
No | -- | NCT04251767 | |
| 29 | Recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 | No | -- | NCT04287686 | |
| Vaccines | |||||
| 30 | Nonreplicating adenovirus type 5 vector (Ad5-nCoV) | No | -- | NCT04313127 | |
| 31 | RNA; LNP-encapsulated mRNA (mRNA 1273) | No | -- | NCT04283461 | |
Source: https://clinicaltrials.gov.