Table 3.1.

Emerging diagnostic techniques currently being used for novel coronavirus [9].

Sl. No.	Techniques	Biomarkers	Technology	Working principle	Sample type
1.	CRISPR	Nucleic acid	RPA	The sequences of CRISPR “spacer” are reproduced into short sequences of RNA, capable of guiding the system to matching sequences of DNA. On getting the targeted DNA, the enzyme produced from CRISPR system, i.e., cas9, ties to DNA followed by cutting and blocked off the gene	Serum
2.	CRISPR	Nucleic acid	RT-RPA	RPA, SHERLOCK multiplexed signal detection via fluorescence	Nasopharyngeal swabs
3.	LAMP	Nucleic acid	LAMP	Isothermal DNA synthesis using self-recurring strand displacement reactions; positive detection leads to increased sample turbidity	Throat swabs
4.	RPA	Nucleic acid	RPA	Forward and reverse primars blind to DNA and amplify strands at 37°C	Fecal and nasal swabs
5.	RCA	Nucleic acid	RCA	DNA polymerase used to extend a circular primer and repeatedly replicate the sequence	Serum
6.	RT-LAMP	Nucleic acid	LAMP	RT-LAMP reaction for RNA targets	Nasopharyngeal aspirates
7.	Magnetic bead	Nucleic acid	Magnetic	Magnetic beads isolate bacteria for PCR detection	Stool
8.	Paramagnetic bead	Protein	Magnetic biosensor	Magnetic separation of protein targets	Serum
9.	ELISA	Protein	ELISA	Enzymatic reaction to produce colored product in presence of target	Serum
10.	Rapid antigen test	Protein	Lateral flow	Gold-coated antibodies produce colorimetric signal on paper in presence of target	Serum