Table 8.1.

Medical Uses of hydroxyquinine.

Diseases	Indication	References
SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19	400 mg dose of HCQ sulfate twice a day and 200 mg twice daily for 4 days have been found to be suitable for COVID-19 treatment	[34]
HIV	Inhibits the posttranslational modification process of glycoprotein 120 (gp 120)	[35]
Diabetes	Used in combination with insulin or glibenclamide for up to 6 months. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and glucose control	[36]
Lipid metabolism	Reduction in triglycerides	[37,38]
Q fever	A combination of HCQ and doxycycline has always been proposed and used for primary treatment for chronic Q-fever	[39]
Whipple's disease	Whipple's disease is treated using a combination of HCQ and doxycycline	[40]
Fungal infections	HCQ shows in vitro antifungal activity against intracellular fungi such as Histoplasma capsulatum and neoformans	[41]
Zika virus	Zika virus, a member of the Flaviviridae family that is spread in humans by mosquitoes and ticks. HCQ prevents these mosquitoes and ticks from spreading the infection	[42]
Sjogren's syndrome	Sjogren's syndrome is widely treated with HCQ	[43]
Chikungunya virus	Chikungunya virus is an alphavirus that is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. The combination of methotrexate and sulfasalazine with HCQ showed potent effects.	[44]
Rheumatic disease (lupus erythematosus)	HCQ is used in mainly cutaneous lupus patients	[45]
Rheumatoid arthritis	The triple-drug therapy including (methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and HCQ) is considered for treatment	[46]
Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)	Repeated phlebotomy or low-dose regimen of HCQ (100–200 mg twice weekly)	[47]
Chronic ulcerative stomatitis (CUSs)	HCQ is beneficial for the treatment of CUS	[48]
Polymorphic light eruption (PLE)	HCQ is effective and safe in the treatment of PLE	[49]
Cancer/neoplastic	Used to treat cancer with significant direct and indirect effects on the body	[50,51]