. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 23.

Published in final edited form as: Newborn (Clarksville). 2022 Mar 31;1(1):44–57. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-11002-0025

Table 2:

Endothelial biomarkers in neonatal diseases

Neonatal disease	Biomarker	Functional properties	Functional use
IVH	IL-6⁸⁶	Pro-inflammatory	Increased serum levels in IVH
IVH	IL-8⁸⁷	Pro-inflammatory	Increased serum levels in IVH and white matter injury
ROP	VEGF-A	Pro-angiogenic	Increased in ROP
	sVEGFR-2¹²⁰	Pro-angiogenic	Elevated in premature infants with ROP
	sTie2¹²⁰	Pro-angiogenic	Elevated in premature infants with ROP
	IL-6^118,119	Pro-inflammatory	Increased amniotic fluid levels
	IL-8¹¹⁹	Pro-inflammatory	Increased amniotic fluid levels
NEC	PAF^70,154,165	Pro-inflammatory	Elevated in blood early in NEC
NEC	TGF-β^153,166	Pro-inflammatory	Increased blood levels in NEC
Sepsis	Ang-1⁸¹	Anti-angiogenic	Decreased in sepsis
Sepsis	Ang-2⁸¹	Pro-angiogenic	Elevated in sepsis
BPD	Ang-1¹²⁸	Anti-inflammatory	Reduced serum levels in BPD
	Ang-2¹²⁸	Pro-inflammatory	Increased levels in BPD
	ICAM-1¹²⁸	Pro-inflammatory	Increased serum levels correlate with BPD severity
	IL-1β¹²⁸	Pro-inflammatory	Increased serum levels in infants with both BPD and pulmonary hypertension.
	MCP-1¹²⁸	Pro-inflammatory	Lower serum levels of MCP-1
	VEGF¹²⁶	Pro-angiogenic	Decreased levels in BPD
	Tie 2¹²⁶	Pro-angiogenic	Decreased levels in BPD

IL, interleukin; VEGF, vascular endothelial factor; VEGFR, vascular endothelial factor receptor; Tie, receptor tyrosine kinase gene; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; PAF, platelet-activating factor; Ang, angiopoietin; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein