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. 2022 Jun 15;606(7915):718–724. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04800-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 1 — a–c, Available tombstone pictures from individuals investigated as part of this study. For a translation of the tombstone inscriptions, see individual descriptions within Supplementary Information 2. Tombstone dates are as follows: Grave 9 (1338-9 CE), Grave 19/20 (1338-9 CE), Grave 6 (year not inscribed). Picture credits to P.-G. Borbone. d+e, Tombstones identified in Kara-Djigach containing pestilence-stating inscriptions, dating to the years 1338 and 1339 CE. These tombstones do not correspond to individuals analysed within our aDNA dataset. The original tombstone on panel d (without traced inscription) is shown in Fig. 1. Complete translations are available within Supplementary Information 2.