Table 1.
Patients characteristics
| Demographicsa | PD patients (n = 102) |
|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR) [range], years | 68 (8) [60–68] |
| Men, n (%) | 69 (68) |
| Disease duration, median (IQR) [range], years | 6 (7) [0–19] |
| Hoehn and Yahr stage (SD) | 2 (0) [2–4] |
| Laterality (more affected body side), right: n (%) | 41 (41) |
| Schwab & England ADL scale (SD) | 84% (12) |
| Levodopa doses equivalent, median (IQR) [range], mg | 580 (605) [0–1950] |
| Polypharmacy, mean (SD), number of medications | 5 (3) |
| Education, College degree, n (%) | 28% (28) |
| Country of birth (European), n (%) | 101 (99) |
| Falls in the last month, n (%) | 25 (25) |
| Uses visual aid, n (%) | 99 (99) |
| Comorbidity | |
| Diabetes Mellitus type II, n (%) | 10 (10) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 31 (30) |
| Cardiac arrest, n (%) | 9 (9) |
| Stroke, n (%) | 3 (3) |
| Rating scales | |
| MDS-UPDRS part III | 32 (13.7) |
| MDS-UPDRS total score | 54 (22) |
| Cognitive function assessment | |
| MoCA | 27.3 (2.7) |
| CLOX 1 | 14.2 (2.6) |
| GDS | 3.6 (2.8) |
| Questionnaires | |
| Visual function questionnaire-25 total score | 82% (12.9) |
| VIPD-Q total score, (range) | 13 (0–48) |
| NMSS (German version) (n = 72) | 40 (28) |
| NMSS (Dutch version) (n = 29) | 20 (5.3) |
| PDQ-39 | 23 (13.8) |
For MDS-UPDRS, GDS, VIPD-Q, NMSS, and PDQ-39, higher scores indicate worse functioning
For activities of daily living scale, VFQ-25, MoCA, and CLOX, lower scores indicate worse functioning
n number of participants, IQR interquartile range, PD Parkinson’s disease; Levodopa Equivalent dose (LED); activities of daily living scale according to the modified Schwab and England scale (score 0–100%), UPDRS MDS unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale (total score 0–236), UPDRS part III (score 0–132), MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment (score 0–30); CLOX clock drawing test (score 0–16); GDS geriatric depression scale (score 0–30); VFQ-25 visual function questionnaire-25 (score 0–100%); VIPD-Q Visual impairment in Parkinson’s disease questionnaire (score 0–51); NMSS non-motor symptoms scale (score 0–360), Dutch version (score 0–30); PDQ-39 the Parkinson’s disease questionnaire-39 (score 0–100)
aData shown as mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated