Table 2.
Ophthalmological assessment: outcomes
| Outcome | Ophthalmological Assessment a | PD patients (n = 102) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subjective ophthalmological assessment | OD mean (SD) | OS mean (SD) | |
| Best corrected visual acuity | LogMAR value | 0.06 (0.21) | 0.03 (0.16) |
| Snellen 20/25–20/10 (normal), % | 81% | 82% | |
| Snellen 20/32–20/63% | 12% | 11% | |
| Snellen 20/80–20/160, % | 1% | 2% | |
| Snellen worse than 20/200, % | 1% | 0% | |
| Visual acuity too low to drive (> 0.3 LogMAR) | 5% | 5% | |
| Reading | Reading speed, wpm, M:5 | 165 (49) | |
| Reading speed, wpm, M:0.25 (n = 12) | 73 (32) | ||
| Near visual acuity (LogMAR value) | 0.14 (.-0.20-0.50) | ||
| Snellen 20/25–20/10 (normal), % | 60% | ||
| Snellen 20/32–20/63,% | 39% | ||
| Snellen 20/80–20/160, % | 1% | ||
| Visual field | Humphrey field analyzer, MD (n = 30) | − 4.35 (4.6) | − 4.7 (5.5) |
| Octopus, MD (n = 71) | 5.3 (4.6) | 6.1 (4.8) | |
| Metamorphopsia | 13% | 18% | |
| Amsler grid (cannot see all corners/sides) | 7% | 8% | |
| Visual field deficit (moderate/severe) | 43% | 50% | |
| Contrast vision | Low-contrast letter charts (Pelli-Robson), CSS | 1.53 (0.20) | 1.52 (0.20) |
| Moderate/severe decreased (CSS < 1.50) | 40% | 50% | |
| Colour vision | Ishihara plates (range) | 18 (1–21) | 18 (1–21) |
| Farnsworth Munsell hue test (desaturated 15D) | |||
| Mild green blind | 2% | 6% | |
| Moderate/severe green blind | 3% | 3% | |
| Mild blue blind | 48% | 47% | |
| Moderate/severe blue blind | 24% | 26% | |
| Mild red blind | 2% | 4% | |
| Moderate/severe red blind | 5% | 6% | |
| Convergence | Near point of convergence, cm | 10.97 (0.28) | |
| Objective ophthalmological assessment | OD mean (SD) | OS mean (SD) | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Cataract grading Lens opacity (LOCS III) |
Pseudophakia | 20% | 19% |
| NO (score 4 >) | 4% | 4% | |
| NC (score 4 >) | 4% | 4% | |
| Cortical (score 3 >) | 13% | 14% | |
| Subcapsular (score 3 >) | 2% | 0% | |
| Corneal thickness | Pachymetry, µm | 538.14 (48.84) | 533.75 (56.09) |
| Cornea appearance | Keratitis punctate/dry cornea | 10% (10) | 11% (11) |
| Cornea erosion/scarring | 3% (3) | 2% (2) | |
| Intra-ocular pressure | (Goldman) tonometry, mmHg | 14 (3.04) | 14 (2.76) |
| Tear production | Schirmer’s II test, mm | 9.86 (7.4) | 9.17 (4.31) |
| TFBUT, s | 9.0 (4.31) | 9.06 (4.37) | |
| Eye blink rate, blinks/minute | 15 (12.75) | ||
| Eyelids | Loss of lashes | 1% | 1% |
| Eye lid retraction | 1% | 1% | |
| Conjunctiva | Hyperaemia | 4% | 5% |
OD oculus dextra, OS oculus sinistra
BCVA best corrected visual acuity, in LogMAR. Normal value ≤ 0.10 LogMAR, or ≥ 20/25 Snellen visual acuity. Reading is assessed with the Radner reading chart. Wpm words per minute. Visual field is tested with the Humphrey and Octopus Automated Field Analyser in a standardised design. The mean deviation (MD) is notated. Lower MD score indicates for the Humphrey worse visual field deficit, normal value MD > 0. Higher MD score indicates for the Octopus worse visual field deficit, normal value MD ≤ -0.8
Pelli–Robson assessment consists of letters arranged in groups with varying contrast, from high to low, calculated in the CSS: contrast sensitivity score, (score 0–2.25)
To evaluate colour vision pseudo-isochromatic plates with coloured dots forming numbers (Ishihara plates) are used. Farnsworth desaturated 15D hue test is performed to evaluate subtler colour vision deficiencies. This task consists of ordering 15 coloured caps over trays in an incremental manner according to their hue
NPC near point of convergence in centimetre (cm)
To detect cataract the lens opacity is rated with the LOCSIII, Lens opacities classification system; NO nuclear opalescence (score 1–6), NC nuclear colour (score 1–6), Cortical (score 1–5), Posterior (score 1–5). Scores noted in table represent clinically relevant cataract
Cornea, eyelids and cornea are inspected. µm micrometre; IOP intra-ophthalmological pressure measured with applanation tonometry. Tear film quality is approached by the Tear-Film-Break-Up-Time (TFBUT), while the quantity of tears is measured by the Schirmer test. Schirmer II test, paper strips are inserted into the lower fornix with local anaesthesia, wet distance is measured in millimetres (mm), EBR eye blink rate is measured in blinks/minute
For NPC, LOCsIII and IOP higher scores indicate worse outcome
For visual acuity, CSS, Schirmer II, TFBUT and number of Ishihara plates lower scores indicate worse outcome
aData shown as mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated