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. 2022 Jun 22;12:10581. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14241-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Timeline and experimental design. Cohorts of db/db mice were treated beginning at 6 weeks of age with R. rosea extract (25 mg/kg daily by oral gavage) or with water for a total of 4 weeks. A glucose tolerance test (GTT) was administered at the end of treatment (week 10), and an insulin tolerance test (ITT) administered 1 week later (week 11). Fecal samples were collected for microbiome analysis before treatment at week 6, and subsequently at weeks 7, 8 and 12.