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. 2022 Jun 22;12:10548. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14888-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of purple rice bran extract and protocatechuic acid on some phase I and phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (5-week protocol). (A) CPR: NADPH: cytochrome P450 reductase activity; (B) Western blotting of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1); (C) GST: glutathione-S-transferase activity; (D) UGT: UDP-glucuronyltransferase. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. *Significantly different from the negative control group, p < 0.05. ^#Significantly different from the positive control group, p < 0.05. DEN: diethylnitrosamine, PCA: protocatechuic acid, PRBE: purple rice bran extract.