Table 4.
Interactions of macronutrients intakes and ApoB EcoRI genotype on leptin, ghrelin and inflammatory markers.
| Carbohydrate | Protein | Total fat | Cholesterol | SFA | MUFA | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 54% | ≥ 54% | < 14% | ≥ 14% | < 35% | ≥ 35 | < 196 | ≥ 196 | < 9% | ≥ 9% | < 12% | ≥ 12% | |
| β (95%CI) P interaction | β (95%CI) P interaction | β (95%CI) P interaction | β (95%CI) P interaction | β (95%CI) P interaction | β (95%CI) P interaction | |||||||
| Leptin | ||||||||||||
| GG (257) | 27.13 ± 1.54 | 22.34 ± 1.70 | 25.51 ± 1.64 | 24.43 ± 1.63 | 23.46 ± 1.67 | 26.30 ± 1.58 | 24.23 ± 1.64 | 25.69 ± 1.63 | 25.42 ± 1.61 | 24.50 ± 1.64 | 24.11 ± 1.53 | 26.09 ± 1.75 |
| GA,AA (147) | 27.26 ± 2.93 | 25.67 ± 2.99 | 27.64 ± 2.96 | 25.27 ± 3.02 | 25.02 ± 2.88 | 28.14 ± 3.08 | 25.56 ± 2.61 | 26.74 ± 3.53 | 23.71 ± 3.32 | 28.36 ± 2.73 | 24.01 ± 2.88 | 29.29 ± 3.07 |
| Model 1 | 3.2 (− 6.17, 12.57) 0.50 | − 1.28 (− 10.73, 8.16) 0.79 | 0.27 (− 9.16, 9.7) 0.95 | − 0.28 (− 10.03, 9.45) 0.95 | 5.57 (− 4, 15.14) 0.25 | 3.29 (− 6.15, 12.73) 0.49 | ||||||
| Model 2 | 4.01 (− 4.77, 12.81) 0.37 | 1.47 (− 7.39, 10.35) 0.74 | − 1.95 (− 10.78, 6.87) 0.66 | 2.41 (− 6.61, 11.44) 0.60 | 2.97 (− 5.93, 11.87) 0.51 | 0.79 (− 8.04, 9.63) 0.86 | ||||||
| Model 3 | 3.83 (− 4.93,12.59) 0.39 | 1.22 (− 7.62, 10.06) 0.78 | − 3.31 (− 12.1, 5.48) 0.46 | 1.02 (− 8.22, 10.27) 0.82 | 2.76 (− 6.12, 11.64) 0.54 | 0.69 (− 8.12, 9.51) 0.87 | ||||||
| Ghrelin | ||||||||||||
| GG (257) | 2 ± 0.12 | 2.12 ± 0.13 | 1.98 ± 0.13 | 2.12 ± 0.12 | 2.17 ± 0.12 | 1.94 ± 0.13 | 1.90 ± 0.12 | 2.21 ± 0.12 | 2.22 ± 0.12 | 1.86 ± 0.13 | 2.09 ± 0.11 | 2.01 ± 0.14 |
| GA,AA (147) | 2.30 ± 0.24 | 2.54 ± 0.24 | 2.15 ± 0.24 | 2.72 ± 0.25 | 2.61 ± 0.23 | 2.18 ± 0.25 | 1.81 ± 0.30 | 2.69 ± 0.20 | 2.62 ± 0.26 | 2.27 ± 0.22 | 2.73 ± 0.23 | 2.04 ± 0.25 |
| Model 1 | 0.12 (− 0.65, 0.89) 0.75 | 0.43 (− 0.33, 1.20) 0.27 | − 0.19 (− 0.97, 0.57) 0.61 | 1.19 (0.39, 2) 0.004 | 0.009 (− 0.76, 0.78)0.98 | − 0.6 (− 1.37, 0.17) 0.12 | ||||||
| Model 2 | 0.09 (− 0.67, 0.86) 0.81 | 0.56 (− 0.19, 1.32) 0.14 | − 0.04 (− 0.09, 0.01) 0.14 | 1.04 (0.24, 1.85) 0.01 | 0.03 (− 0.72, 0.79) 0.93 | − 0.14 (0.29, 0.006) 0.06 | ||||||
| Model 3 | 0.18 (− 0.57, 0.94) 0.62 | 0.55 (− 0.19, 1.30) 0.14 | − 0.31 (− 1.07, 0.43) 0.41 | 1.02 (0.21, 1.82) 0.01 | 0.03 (− 0.7, 0.78) 0.91 | − 0.68 (− 1.43, 0.06) 0.05 | ||||||
| CRP | ||||||||||||
| GG (257) | 2.19 ± 0.19 | 2.32 ± 0.20 | 2.17 ± 0.20 | 2.32 ± 0.18 | 2.38 ± 0.19 | 2.10 ± 0.20 | 2.25 ± 0.19 | 2.25 ± 0.20 | 2.28 ± 0.20 | 2.23 ± 0.18 | 2.39 ± 0.18 | 2.08 ± 0.20 |
| GA,AA (147) | 2.74 ± 0.38 | 2.38 ± 0.36 | 1.99 ± 0.41 | 2.93 ± 0.34 | 2.42 ± 0.37 | 2.68 ± 0.37 | 2.38 ± 0.32 | 2.87 ± 0.45 | 2.26 ± 0.43 | 2.72 ± 0.33 | 2.28 ± 0.36 | 2.85 ± 0.38 |
| Model 1 | − 0.49 (− 1.67, 0.68) 0.40 | 1.1(− 0.08, 2.28) 0.06 | 0.53 (− 0.63, 1.71) 0.36 | 0.48 (− 0.74, 0.58) 0.44 | 0.50 (− 0.69, 1.71) 0.40 | 0.88 (− 0.28, 2.05) 0.14 | ||||||
| Model 2 | − 0.54 (− 1.73, 0.64) 0.36 | 1.05 (− 0.14, 2.24) 0.08 | 0.53 (− 0.64, 1.72) 0.37 | 0.64 (− 0.59, 1.88) 0.30 | 0.63 (− 0.57, 1.84) 0.30 | 0.89 (− 0.27, 2.07) 0.13 | ||||||
| Model 3 | − 0.53 (− 1.7, 0.63) 0.37 | 1.32 (0.13, 2.51,) 0.02 | 0.72 (− 0.44, 1.89) 0.22 | 0.74 (− 0.46,1.94) 0.23 | 0.64 (− 0.52, 1.82) 0.28 | 0.97 (− 0.18, 2.12) 0.10 | ||||||
| IL− 18 | ||||||||||||
| GG (257) | 254.96 ± 3.84 | 239.09 ± 4.04 | 248.41 ± 4.19 | 246.59 ± 3.91 | 238.35 ± 3.79 | 257.51 ± 3.99 | 249.03 ± 3.91 | 245.72 ± 4.05 | 240.94 ± 4.21 | 252.71 ± 3.80 | 239.04 ± 3.71 | 257.76 ± 4.12 |
| GA,AA (147) | 255.44 ± 7.75 | 250.12 ± 7.28 | 252.78 ± 7.07 | 252.38 ± 8.55 | 249.73 ± 7.41 | 255.50 ± 7.41 | 244.18 ± 6.62 | 268.71 ± 9.15 | 253.34 ± 8.78 | 252.17 ± 6.80 | 249.60 ± 7.20 | 256.03 ± 7.67 |
| Model 1 | 10.55 (− 12.99, 34.10) 0.38 | 1.41 (− 23.09, 25.92) 0.91 | − 13.39 (− 36.60, 9.82) 0.25 | 27.84 (3.09, 52.59) 0.02 | − 12.93 (− 37.39,….) 0.30 | − 12.29 (− 35.60, 11.02) 0.30 | ||||||
| Model 2 | 11.14 (− 12.73, 35.01) 0.36 | 0.79 (− 24.02, 25.60) 0.95 | − 14.27 (− 37.73, 9.19) 0.23 | 30.89 (5.74, 56.05) 0.01 | − 12.73 (− 37.5, 12.04) 0.31 | − 12.28 (− 35.76, 11.19) 0.30 | ||||||
| Model 3 | 10.6 (− 13.49, 34.70) 0.38 | 1.35 (− 24.01, 26.73) 0.91 | − 13.24 (− 37.1, 10.61) 0.27 | 29.59 (4.53, 54.65) 0.02 | − 13.97 (− 38.66, 10.71) 0.26 | − 11.84 (− 35.52, 11.83) 0.32 | ||||||
| PGF2a | ||||||||||||
| GG (257) | 73.44 ± 0.75 | 71.26 ± 0.78 | 73.11 ± 0.80 | 71.77 ± 0.75 | 71.75 ± 0.76 | 73.10 ± 0.79 | 72.45 ± 0.77 | 73.19 ± 1.29 | 72.43 ± 0.82 | 72.37 ± 0.74 | 71.66 ± 0.73 | 73.32 ± 0.82 |
| GA,AA (147) | 71.20 ± 1.50 | 74.17 ± 1.41 | 72.05 ± 1.35 | 73.84 ± 1.63 | 73.56 ± 1.47 | 72 ± 1.47 | 72.33 ± 0.79 | 72 ± 1.78 | 73.33 ± 1.71 | 72.45 ± 1.32 | 73.82 ± 1.42 | 71.60 ± 1.51 |
| Model 1 | 5.15 (0.59, 9.71) 0.02 | 3.13 (− 1.54, 7.81) 0.18 | − 2.90 (− 7.52, 1.71) 0.21 | − 1.07 (− 5.9, 3.76) 0.66 | − 0.82 (− 5.59, 3.94) 0.73 | − 3.88 (− 8.49, 0.72) 0.09 | ||||||
| Model 2 | 4.74 (0.2, 9.29) 0.04 | 2.56 (− 2.07, 7.19) 0.27 | − 2.4 (− 6.99, 2.17) 0.30 | − .66 (− 5.48, 4.15) 0.78 | − 0.66 (− 5.37,4.05) 0.78 | − 3.44 (− 8, 1.11) 0.13 | ||||||
| Model 3 | 5.01 (0.48, 9.53) 0.03 | 2.57 (− 2.15, 7.31)0.28 | − 2.16 (− 6.8, 2.46) 0.35 | − 0.82 (− 5.59, 3.94) 0.73 | − 0.91 (− 5.58, 3.74) 0.70 | − 3.55 (− 8.09, 0.98) 0.12 | ||||||
CRP C-reactive protein, IL18 interleukin 18, PGF2α prostaglandinF2α.
GG genotype is considered as a reference. Low median intakes of macronutrients considered as a reference.
P values for the interaction obtained in multivariate models using GLMs. Model 1: unadjusted; Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, physical activity, alcohol consumption and lipid-lowering medications; model 3: adjusted for variables in model 2 plus for smoking, total energy intakes and fiber intake.