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. 2022 Jun 22;12:10544. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14823-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Rotarod walking exercise activated the AMPK/BDNF pathway in the SN area of M/P-treated mice. (a) Photomicrographs of the double fluorescent staining of SN BDNF⁺ and pAMPK⁺ cells (N = 8 in each group, 200 × of magnification). (b) Representative photomicrograph of the high magnitude of BDNF⁺/pAMPK⁺ cells (400 × of magnification). (c) Quantification of the fluorescent intensity of SN BDNF⁺ and pAMPK⁺ cells showing that exercise restored the M/P-induced decrease in BDNF⁺ cells, and enhanced the pAMPK⁺ IF intensity, regardless of M/P treatment. (d) Quantification of the fluorescent staining of SN BDNF⁺/pAMPK⁺ cells showing that exercise increased the number of BDNF⁺/pAMPK⁺ cells, regardless of M/P treatment. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, vs. CON; **p < 0.01, vs. CON; ^#p < 0.05, vs. M/P; ^## p < 0.01, vs. M/P.