Table 3.
Univariate analysis of variables associated with relapse in anti-NMDAR, anti-GABABR and anti-LGI1 encephalitis, respectively.
| Variables | NMDAR (n=40) | GABABR (n=24) | LGI1 (n=36) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relapsing (n=10) | No relapsing (n=30) | p Value | Relapsing (n=8) | No relapsing (n=16) | p Value | Relapsing (n=8) | No relapsing (n=28) | p Value | |
| Age at onset (years) | 30 (21, 53) | 32 (21, 39) | 0.612 | 59 (56, 63) | 63 (54, 66) | 0.383 | 66 (57, 72) | 56 (48, 65) | 0.099 |
| Gender - Male | 6 (60.0) | 16 (53.3) | 1 | 4 (50.0) | 9 (56.3) | 1 | 2 (25.0) | 17 (60.7) | 0.114 |
| Presenting symptom | |||||||||
| Fever (>37.5°C) | 5 (50.0) | 16 (53.3) | 1 | 3 (37.5) | 5 (31.3) | 1 | 0 (0) | 5 (17.9) | 0.566 |
| Acute symptomatic seizure | 8 (80.0) | 25 (83.3) | 1 | 8 (100.0) | 14 (87.5) | 0.536 | 8 (100.0) | 24 (85.7) | 0.555 |
| Status epilepticus | 2 (20.0) | 13 (43.3) | 0.269 | 6 (75.0) | 10 (62.5) | 0.667 | 1 (12.5) | 10 (35.7) | 0.388 |
| Psychiatric symptoms | 8 (80.0) | 21 (70.0) | 0.696 | 7 (87.5) | 9 (56.3) | 0.189 | 3 (37.5) | 16 (57.1) | 0.434 |
| Movement disorders | 5 (50.0) | 18 (60.0) | 0.717 | 1 (12.5) | 3 (18.8) | 1 | 1 (12.5) | 9 (32.1) | 0.397 |
| Cognitive impairment | 8 (80.0) | 17 (56.7) | 0.269 | 5 (62.5) | 6 (37.5) | 0.39 | 5 (62.5) | 24 (85.7) | 0.167 |
| Speech disturbance | 4 (40.0) | 8 (26.7) | 0.451 | 1 (12.5) | 3 (18.8) | 1 | 1 (12.5) | 2 (7.1) | 0.541 |
| Impairment of consciousness | 4 (40.0) | 17 (56.7) | 0.473 | 4 (50.0) | 6 (37.5) | 0.673 | 1 (12.5) | 4 (14.3) | 1 |
| Sleep disorders | 3 (30.0) | 13 (43.3) | 0.711 | 3 (37.5) | 6 (37.5) | 1 | 3 (37.5) | 11 (39.3) | 1 |
| Tumor | 0 | 5 (16.7) | 0.306 | 1 (12.5) | 4 (25.0) | 0.631 | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 0.222 |
| Ancillary examination | |||||||||
| Abnormal EEG | 4 (40.0) | 15 (50.0) | 0.721 | 7 (87.5) | 9 (56.3) | 0.189 | 5 (62.5) | 17 (60.7) | 1 |
| Abnormal brain MRI | 3 (30.0) | 17 (56.7) | 0.273 | 4 (50.0) | 6 (37.5) | 0.673 | 5 (62.5) | 21 (75.0) | 0.658 |
| Abnormal CSF | 8 (80.0) | 28 (93.3) | 0.256 | 8 (100.0) | 14 (87.5) | 0.536 | 6 (75.0) | 22 (78.6) | 1 |
| Antibody titer | |||||||||
| + | 5 (50.0) | 12 (40.0) | 0.899 | 2 (25.0) | 2 (12.5) | 0.27 | 1 (12.5) | 9 (32.1) | 0.019 |
| ++ | 3 (30.0) | 14 (46.7) | 5 (62.5) | 9 (56.3) | 3 (37.5) | 17 (60.7) | |||
| +++ | 2 (20.0) | 4 (13.3) | 1 (12.5) | 5 (31.3) | 4 (50.0) | 2 (7.1) | |||
| Treatment | |||||||||
| First-line immunotherapy | |||||||||
| MTP | 8 (80.0) | 27 (90.0) | 0.584 | 7 (87.5) | 12 (75.0) | 0.631 | 7 (87.5) | 24 (85.7) | 1 |
| IVIG | 10 (100.0) | 27 (90.0) | 0.56 | 6 (75.0) | 9 (56.3) | 0.657 | 5 (62.5) | 19 (67.9) | 1 |
| MTP + IVIG | 8 (80.0) | 24 (80.0) | 1 | 5 (62.5) | 6 (37.5) | 0.39 | 4 (50.0) | 15 (53.6) | 1 |
| Second-line immunotherapy | 0 | 4 (13.3) | 0.556 | 0 | 0 | _ | 1 (12.5) | 1 (3.6) | 0.4 |
| Without immunotherapy | 0 | 0 | _ | 0 | 1 (6.3) | 1 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | _ |
| Immunotherapy delay | 7 (70.0) | 7 (23.3) | 0.018 | 4 (50.0) | 6 (37.5) | 0.673 | 7 (87.5) | 19 (67.9) | 0.397 |
| ICU admission | 6 (60.0) | 18 (60.0) | 1 | 5 (62.5) | 11 (68.8) | 1 | 0 (0) | 5 (17.9) | 0.566 |
| Long hospital stay | 5 (50.0) | 19 (63.3) | 0.482 | 2 (25.0) | 1 (6.3) | 0.249 | 2 (25.0) | 2 (7.1) | 0.207 |
| Follow-up duration (Months) | 25 (12, 32) | 12 (6, 23) | 0.077 | 6 (6, 12) | 12 (6, 30) | 0.106 | 24 (18, 45) | 24 (13, 36) | 0.614 |
EEG, electroencephalogram; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; NMDAR, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; GABABR, g-aminobutyric acid type B receptor; LGI1, leucin-rich glioma inactivated-1; MTP, methylprednisolone; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; ICU, intensive care unit.
Bold entries indicate p < 0.05.