Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Jun 9;13:898139. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.898139

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2022 Torres Irizarry, Jiang, He and Xu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Hypothalamic estrogen acts on the VMH-AMPK-SNS-BAT axis to regulate thermogenesis. Estrogen represses AMPK signaling in the vlVMH to subsequently stimulate sympathetic activity. In the BAT, β3-AR activation induces lipolysis. The resulting FFA are oxidized in the mitochondria, providing the fuel for heat production by UCP1 activity. E2, estrogen; PVN, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus; DMH, dorsomedial hypothalamus; LH, lateral hypothalamus; ARH, arcuate hypothalamic nucleus; VMH, ventromedial hypothalamus; dmVMH, dorsomedial VMH; cVMH, central VMH; vlVMH, ventrolateral CMH; IO, inferior olive; RPa, raphe pallidus; FFA, free fatty acid; UCP1, uncoupling protein 1. Adapted from (21), created by (194).